CANADA 



1132 



CANADA 



tary drill and fifteen per cent for rifle shooting. 

 University cadets and the cadets of colleges 

 and all secondary schools are inspected by 

 officers of the Militia Department of the Do- 

 minion, and the Strathcona grants are paid 

 according to the reports of these officers. The 

 cadets in public and separate schools are in- 

 spected by the same cadet inspectors who repre- 

 sent the Militia Department, and the payments 

 to these schools are made on the joint reports 

 of the school inspectors of the Education De- 

 partment, and the cadet inspectors of the 

 Militia Department. Payments to the schools 

 are made by the treasurer of the Strathcona 

 Trust for each province, on authority of certifi- 

 cates issued by the education departments of 

 the different provinces. 



New teachers receive training in physical 

 work at normal schools and other institutions 

 for training teachers; special classes are con- 

 ducted by the Militia Department for teachers 

 already engaged in teaching, at a time suitable 

 for the local authorities, wherever thirty or 

 more teachers unite -to take a course; and 

 certificates of two grades are issued to those 

 who pass the required examination at the 

 close of the course. 



Special summer schools are conducted under 

 the direction of the Militia Department for 

 teachers who wish to qualify for certificates 

 in the department of physical training or mili- 

 tary drill. The Militia Department makes a 

 grant of one dollar per cadet to regular teach- 

 ers who hold certificates as cadet instructors 

 in order to supplement their salaries for teach- 

 ing the regular school subjects. The Militia 

 Department pays one dollar a year to school 

 boards for each cadet in proper uniform on 

 the day of the annual inspection. This grant 

 provides a fund for the purchase of uniforms. 

 The government supplies cadet companies with 

 rifles, hats or caps, and belts, taking a bond 

 from each school board for the value of the 

 supplies issued. Ammunition for indoor and 

 outdoor marksmanship practice is supplied free 

 by the Militia Department, and matches for 

 cadets are conducted at the annual meetings of 

 the Dominion and the provincial rifle associa- 

 tions. Cadet camps are conducted annually in 

 each military district throughout Canada, on 

 the military camp grounds. 



Among the cadet companies of the Dominion 

 in 1916 were twenty-one squadrons of mounted 

 cadets, and forty-four other companies, or 

 squadrons, affiliated with militia regiments. In 

 Ontario the Strathcona Trust offers three gold 



medals for competition in each county one 

 for the best marksman in the high schools, one 

 for the best in the public or separate schools, 

 and one for the best among former pupils under 

 eighteen years of age. After eighteen a young 

 man may join the regular militia. 



Canadian Military Camps. When it was 

 found in 1914 that Canada would have to 

 train large armies the government decided to 

 establish three large camps in addition to the 

 camps already in existence throughout the Do- 

 minion Valcartier Camp in the east, Camp 

 Borden in the center, and Camp Hughes in 

 the west: 



Camp Valcartier. Camp Valcartier is situ- 

 ated In the province of Quebec sixteen miles 

 northwest of the historic city of Quebec. It con- 

 tains 12,700 acres, practically twenty square 

 miles. It is nearly six miles in length and aver- 

 ages three and one-third miles in width. It 

 lies in a valley almost surrounded by moun- 

 tains, and is admirably adapted to the training 

 of all classes of soldiers. The soil is a light 

 sandy loam several feet deep, so that it is easily 

 drained. The Jacques Cartier River flows through 

 the camp. The river provides an adequate sup- 

 ply of excellent water, fine facilities for bath- 

 ing, and opportunities for engineering work in 

 the construction of pontoon bridges. 



There are nearly three miles of rifle ranges, 

 in all fifteen hundred ranges, a larger number 

 than in any other camp in the world. The 

 mountains make a perfect background for the 

 ranges, and also provide unsurpassed opportu- 

 nities for artillery practice. 



The part of the camp occupied by the tents 

 of the soldiers, the offices of the commanding 

 officer and his staff, and the buildings for all 

 kinds of stores, is well lighted by electric lights, 

 and has a system of water supply that brings 

 water in pipes to every building and tent, and 

 excellent streets and roads with good drainage 

 and sewage systems. All requisite engineering 

 services have been provided for a camp of 35,000 

 men. 



The Canadian Northern Railway connects 

 Camp Valcartier with the city of Quebec, so 

 that soldiers may be easily sent to the camp 

 or transferred from it to the transport ships 

 when ready for overseas service. 



Camp Hughes. Camp Hughes is in the prov- 

 ince of Manitoba eighteen miles east of Brandon 

 and one hundred and fourteen miles west of 

 Winnipeg. It contains 102,000 acres, practically 

 160 square miles, and is a forest reserve owned 

 by the Dominion government. There are five 

 lakes on the reserve. The portion actually used 

 for camp purposes contains about thirty square 

 miles, and is fitted to provide accommodation 

 for 40,000 men. The camp is situated on the 

 Canadian Pacific Railway. The tented city is 

 well supplied with good streets, water works, 

 sewers, electric lights, and excellent buildings 

 for the headquarters of the officers, the hospital, 

 dental work, store rooms, and other buildings. 

 The arrangements for rifle practice, trenching, 

 artillery practice and field operations are very 



