CARDAMOM 



1182 



CARDINAL BIRD 



provided with an auxiliary air inlet. The valve 

 on this inlet is held closed by a spring until 

 the pressure inside the mixing chamber is 

 dangerously low, when the valve opens in 

 response to the pressure of air from the outside. 



The only outlet from the carburetor leads 

 to the cylinder of the engine. The gas, mixed 

 with air, enters the cylinder, and is there ex- 

 ploded by -an electric spark. For further de- 

 tails, see GAS ENGINE. W.F.Z. 



CARDAMOM, kahr'damum, the dried fruits 

 and seeds of different species of reed-like herbs 

 called cardamoms. They have a spicy taste 

 and are used in making sauces, curries and cor- 

 dials. They are an excellent relief in cases of 

 colic and, on account of their flavor, they are 

 often used with other medicines. Those recog- 

 nized in America as true or official cardamoms 

 and known in commerce as Malabar carda- 

 moms are the product of a plant of the moun- 

 tains of Malabar, in the province of Madras. 



CAR'DIFF, the most important port and 

 commercial center of Wales, capital of the 

 county of Glamorgan. It existed before the 

 Roman conquest of Britain in 55 B. c., and as 

 early as the Norman conquest in 1066 was a 

 town of considerable importance. The city 

 is 170 miles west of London, on the River Taff 

 at its junction with the estuary of the Severn, 

 and near the largest coal and iron mines in 

 Great Britain. Its docks afford accommodation 

 for the largest vessels afloat, and cover an area 

 of more than 160 acres. The city derives con- 

 siderable revenue from harbor dues, but the 

 docks are the property of the Marquis of Bute, 

 to whose family the town owes much of its 

 prosperity. The chief exports are coal and iron 

 and steel manufactures, the value of coal 

 annually exported exceeding $117,000,000. In 

 normal times the exports of Cardiff exceed in 

 weight those of London by some thousands of 

 tons, but London, Liverpool and Newcastle 

 rank above it in the weight of incoming 

 products. 



The town is well laid out, has good street 

 car systems, electric lighting and excellent 

 railroad facilities. The building of greatest 

 interest is the castle, dating from the eleventh 

 century, now restored and occasionally occu- 

 pied by the Marquis of Bute. There are also 

 many schools, a university college, town hall, 

 public library, markets and public baths. Pop- 

 ulation in 1911, 184,663. 



CAR'DINAL, in the Roman Catholic Church, 

 a counselor of the Pope and a dignitary next 

 in rank to him. The name, which comes from 



the Latin word for hinge and consequently 

 denotes something of great importance, was 

 first given to priests who were permanently 

 attached to a church. Later its .use was re- 

 stricted to those priests who held prominent 

 positions. Then, as the new administration of 

 the affairs of the Church became more burden- 

 some, the Pope called upon bishops to assist 

 him, and these were designated as cardinal- 

 bishops. Finally the cardinal became a coun- 

 selor of the Pope and gave his entire time to 

 his office. Under the direction of the Pope 

 the cardinals conduct the administration of 

 the Church. 



Cardinals are appointed by the Pope, and 

 while it is intended to have a representative 

 of each prominent nation in the College of 

 Cardinals, by far the greater number of them 

 have always been Italians. The first American 

 cardinal, McCloskey, was appointed in 1875. 

 There are living at present (1917) three Amer- 

 icans who have been raised to that rank; these 

 are James Gibbons of Baltimore, William H. 

 O'Connell of Boston, and John M. Farley of 

 New York. Diomede Falconio was appointed 

 a cardinal while in America and by some is 

 ranked as an American cardinal, but in 1913 

 he .was transferred to Rome. 



Taken together, the cardinals form the Sacred 

 College, or College of Cardinals, which is an 

 incorporated body with an income of its own. 

 The number may vary, but it was fixed at 

 seventy by Sixtus V in 1586. On the death of 

 the Pope the Sacred College elects his suc- 

 cessor, from its own membership. The official 

 symbols of a cardinal are the biretta, or red 

 cap; the sapphire ring; the purple cassock; the 

 miter of white silk, and the red hat. This last 

 is placed on the head of the newly-made 

 cardinal at the time of his appointment, by the 

 Pope himself, but is then laid away and never 

 worn again. At the cardinal's funeral it is 

 placed on his casket. G.W.M. 



CARDINAL BIRD, or REDBIRD, one of the 

 most beautiful wild birds of North America, 

 so-named from the rosy red plumage of the 

 male bird. The cardinals belong to the finch 

 family, and are also known as the crested red- 

 bird, the Virginia redbird and the Virginia 

 nightingale. James Lane Allen has given these 

 birds another name in his sympathetic and 

 tender book, The Kentucky Cardinal, in which 

 he pleads for their protection from the sports- 

 man's gun. They are about eight inches in 

 length, and bear on the head a conspicuous 

 crest that gives them a. rather distinguished 



