CARMEN 



1188 



CARNEGIE 



tiful and fitting language are suggested by the 

 following lines from At the Granite Gate: 



And the lone wood-bird Hark ! 



The whippoorwill. night-long, 

 Threshing the summer dark 



With his dim flail of song, 

 Shall be the lyric lift, 



When all my senses creep, 

 To bear me through the rift 



In the blue range of sleep. 



Among Carman's volumes of poems are the 

 series of Songs from Vagabondia (with Richard 

 Hovey), Pipes of Pan, Ballads of Lost Haven 

 and A Winter Holiday. He is also a writer of 

 graceful prose, and is the author of several vol- 

 umes of essays, including Kinship of Nature, 

 Friendship of Art and The Making of Person- 

 ality. None of his later works is considered 

 superior to his first published volume. 



CARMEN, a world-famous opera by the 

 French composer, Georges Bizet, which has en- 

 joyed extraordinary popularity since its first 

 production in Paris in 1875. It is based on a 

 novel of the same name, the work of the French 

 novelist, Prosper Merimee. The heroine, Car- 

 men, is a Spanish girl of fiery temperament and 

 wonderful fascination, whose heartless treat- 

 ment of her lover, Don Jose, drives him to kill 

 her in a frenzied outburst of jealousy. The 

 opera is full of color and dramatic interest, 

 and the music is richly melodious. The famous 

 Toreador song and the Habanera, sung by Car- 

 men, are enduringly popular, as are the many 

 stirring choruses, the music of the overture, and 

 the exquisite melodies of the third act, written 

 for the secondary soprano role. Adelina Patti 

 and Emma Calve are among the famous prima 

 donnas who have sung the leading part in this 

 opera ; the latter proved to be the greatest Car- 

 men of all time. Among later artists Mary 

 Garden and Geraldine Farrar have interpreted 

 the part with notable success. 



CARMINE, kahr'min, a beautiful red color- 

 ing matter made from the dried bodies of the 

 cochineal, an insect native to Mexico and Cen- 

 tral America. To obtain good results in mak- 

 ing carmine it is necessary to have a clear 

 sunny day, as the bright, pretty red cannot be 

 obtained except in the sunlight. Carmine is 

 used in making artificial flowers, water colors, 

 rouge and red ink, in silk dyeing and in minia- 

 ture painting. See COCHINEAL. 



CARNATION, karna'shun, one of the most 

 popular of flowers. It has been cultivated from 

 very ancient times for its clove-like fragrance 

 and beauty, for perfumes and for decoration. 

 It was brought from Southern Europe long ago 



as a wild flower of lilac hue. Under cultiva- 

 tion it now grows in many forms, and in tints 

 dainty or bright, to please the taste of all. It 

 has been called the "winter flower," blooming 



. . . while the hollyhock. 

 The pink, and the carnation vie 

 With lupin and with lavender, 

 To decorate the fading year. 



MOIR, in The Birth of the Flowers. 



chiefly in the winter months, from October till 

 the end of March. Carnations are usually 

 raised from "layers" or "cuttings." They need 

 good turfy loam mixed with a little manure and 

 leaf mold, and some sharp sand to keep it loose. 



This flower is subject to several diseases, the 

 worst being rust. This can be cured by spray- 

 ing with a solution of sulphide of potassium. 

 When large blossoms and a long stem are de- 

 sired, remove all but the bud at the very end. 



CARNEGIE , kahr neg ' i, ANDREW ( 1835- ) , 

 a famous and very practical philanthropist, is 

 an American of Scotch birth. His gifts to the 

 public have exceeded in amount those of any 

 other man in the history of the world. From 

 Dunfermline, where he was born on November 

 25, 1835, he emigrated to the United States at 

 the age of thirteen. In his first position, 

 that of weaver's assistant in a cotton factory 

 at Allegheny, Pa., he earned about a dollar 

 a week, but twenty years later his industry 



