CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS 



1193 



CARPENTRY 



carp weigh four or five pounds; larger ones 

 bring a lower price. Specimens weighing 

 twenty-five pounds or more are sometimes 

 taken. 



The carp is a close relative of the goldfish, 

 as well as of most of the small fishes of the 

 lakes and streams that we call "minnows." 



CARPATHIAN, kahr pa' thi an, MOUN- 

 TAINS, an important mountain system in 

 Europe, extending in a semi-circle from the 

 Danube River near Pressburg to Orsova, also 

 on the southern bank of the same stream. It 

 is the eastern extension of the great Central 

 Europe mountain system. The mountains are 

 not covered with perpetual snow, even in their 

 highest altitudes, and glaciers are entirely 

 absent. They are noted for the richness of 

 their deposits of gold, lead, silver and copper, 

 and many mines have been worked for cen- 

 turies. The lower slopes are covered with 

 forests of fir, oak and beech, in which roam 

 wolves, lynxes and bears. The ranges of which 

 the system is composed all lack the lofty 

 grandeur of the Alps, the highest point, Gers- 

 dorfeispitze, being only 8,737 feet above sea 

 level. 



During the War of the Nations fierce fighting 

 took place each year in the passes over the 

 ranges, and it is estimated that as many as 

 500,000 men were killed and buried in the 

 mountain chain, which was alternately held by 

 Russians and Austrians. 



CARPENTER, FRANK GEORGE (1855- ), 

 an American traveler, newspaper writer and 

 authority in geography, whose letter-writing 

 tours for various American journals have taken 

 him into nearly every quarter of the globe. 

 He was born at Mansfield, 0., and was educated 

 at the University of Wooster in that state. Be- 

 ginning his career as a legislative correspond- 

 ent for the Cleveland Leader in 1879, he was 

 not long in broadening his field, and in 1888- 

 1889 made a trip around the world for a news- 

 paper syndicate. Since then he has visited 

 almost every part of Europe, Asia, Africa and 

 South America. He reported the Mexican 

 revolution of 1913, and has written also of life 

 and conditions in Cuba, Central America, the 

 Panama region and Canada. 



Carpenter's Geographical Readers, with their 

 vivid descriptions of the author's personal 

 observations, written in an interesting and 

 popular style, are favorites in the common 

 schools. His industrial series, comprising How 

 the World is Fed, How the World is Clothed 

 and How the World is Housed, are for chil- 



dren's reading ; they are easy to understand and 

 are full of interesting information. 



CARPENTER'S HALL. See PHILADELPHIA, 

 subhead Historic Buildings. 



CARPENTRY, kahr' pen tri. What boy or 

 man is there who does not truly like to work 

 with hammer and nails and saw? Most men 

 are too busy at other things to be able often 

 to indulge their tastes in this direction, but 

 when they have the opportunity they thor- 

 oughly enjoy a little carpentry. As for boys, 

 the desire to fashion things, large or small, use- 

 ful or ornamental or neither, is a part of their 

 very being. 



How a Carpenter Builds a House. It will be 

 seen from the following description of a car- 

 penter's work that he is something more than 

 a mere driver of nails. In a small way he is 

 an architect and an engineer, and along cer- 

 tain lines a mathematician. Of course he must 

 also be skilful with his tools, but a first-class 

 carpenter is even more active with his brains 

 than with his hands. 



The Frame. A wooden house is built around 

 a skeleton called the frame, of which there are 

 two types, the braced frame and balloon frame. 

 The former is a complete structure of itself; 

 the latter depends upon the boards of the 

 walls and floors for bracing against winds and 

 other stresses. The braced frame is very 

 seldom built in the United States and Canada, 

 and only the balloon frame is described in this 

 article. 



In Fig. 1 is shown the frame of a small one- 

 story gable-roof house, and the following para- 

 graphs tell exactly how it is constructed. By 

 carefully studying both the pictures and the 

 text, anyone with a taste for carpentry should 

 be able to build correctly any simple type of 

 house. One not familiar with the names for 

 different kinds of lumber ought also to read the 

 article on that subject. 



In the following paragraphs a description of 

 the parts is first given in order that a clear 

 idea may be had of their relation; afterwards 

 is told the usual order in which they are put 

 together : 



Sills. These are marked a a in Fig. 1. In 

 the present instance they are 4"x4". and the 

 exact length of the sides of the house. (Ex- 

 planation : ' indicates foot or feet ; " Indicates 

 inches. ) For a longer house it would be neces- 

 sary to join and spike two timbers. Fig. 2 

 shows how this may be safely done. The sills 

 are joined at corners as in Fig. 3. and spiked. 

 If the house is built upon a concrete founda- 

 tion, a bed of lime mortar is spread over the 

 top of the latter and the sills set in It with 



