CARPENTRY 1195 



short studs beside it are cut as explained be- 

 low, under Cutting the Rafters. They are spaced 

 2 feet on centers. 



Partitions. The frame of a partition is of 

 2"x4" vertical studs resting on a 2"x4" and 



CARPENTRY 



crowned by a 2"x4". A partition running paral- 

 lel with the joists should be set on two 2"x8", 

 as in Fig. 7. In a small house a partition at 

 right angles to the studs may safely rest on 

 them, but in a building of larger span, posts and 

 a beam should be added, as in Fig. 8. Unless 

 there is a cement floor to the cellar the posts 

 should be set In the ground a few feet. Care 

 must be taken that there is a space at the edge 

 of every partition, to which laths can be nailed. 

 Fig. 7 (a) shows how this may be effected. 



Window openings. These are framed with 

 double 2"x4"'s at top and side, as in Fig. 10. 

 In some cases a stud may form part of a side, 

 as at a; but usually at least one side must be 

 like b. An opening should be about 2 inches 

 longer than the finished window frame, and 

 about 7 inches wider (unless the window is hung 

 without weights, in which case the opening is 

 only 2 inches wider). 



Door openings. These should be 3 inches 

 higher than door frames and 6 inches wider. 



They are framed above and at the sides like 

 windows. 



Openings for chimneys, cellarways, etc. Hori- 

 zontal openings are framed as in Fig. 9. The 

 joists x x should be fastened to the header y 



n n 



a 



Fia. 10 



with mortise and tenon joints, as shown at a, 

 in addition to being spiked. None of the joists 

 shoujd come within 4 inches of the brick work 

 of a chimney. 



The Outside. The boards which cover the 

 frame are called sheathing; they are usually 

 put on diagonally, because in this form they 

 give stronger bracing to the frame. They are 

 sawed to the proper length after being nailed, 

 as in Fig. 1. The best sheathing is shiplap, 

 but common boards of the best grade are 

 suitable where warmth is not important. 



Building paper. One or two thicknesses of 

 paper are put on over the sneathing, and these 

 should be carefully brought around all corners 

 and edges of openings, to keep out wind. See 

 Fig. 16. 



Siding. The outer covering Is laid horizon- 

 tally, commencing at the bottom. Beneath the 

 siding are the two pieces a and b in Fig. 12, 

 which form a water table. 



Roofing. The roof Is usually covered with 

 common boards, laid two inches apart except at 

 the eaves, where they are close together. 



Corner boards. These finishing boards are 



