CARRACCI 



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CARRANZA 



are few homes in Canada or the United States 

 which are not ornamented with carpets or 

 rugs of some kind. The difficulties met in 

 cleaning the carpet have led to greater use of 

 rugs, which can be easily moved for the re- 

 moval of dust. The advent of the vacuum 

 cleaner, however, will doubtless serve to extend 

 the use of carpets. j.s.c. 



CARRACCI, or CARACCI, kahrah'che, a 

 celebrated family of Italian painters, the three 

 leading members of which founded in Bologna, 

 in 1582, a famous academy of painting, "tho 

 academy of those on the right road." Their 

 school is known in the history of art as the 

 Eclectic School, which means "a bringing to- 

 gether of the best points of various systems" ; 

 their object was to do away with the unin- 

 spired imitation of Raphael and Michelangelo 

 which then prevailed, and to unite the special 

 excellencies of the great masters of the Renais- 

 sance the drawing of Michelangelo, the color 

 of Titian, the grace and symmetry of Raphael 

 and the light and shade of Correggio. 



Ludovico (1555-1619), the eldest of the three 

 Carracci, was born in Bologna. Later, in 

 Florence, he came under the influence of 

 Andrea del Sarto; in Parma, of Correggio; in 

 Venice, of Veronese and Tintoretto. On his 

 return to Bologna he became associated with 

 his two cousins, AGOSTINO (1557-1602) and 

 ANNIBALE (1560-1609), in carrying out the pro- 

 gram of their famous school, which may be 

 regarded as the first modern academy of art. 



Among Ludovico's important canvases are 

 Sermon of John the Baptist, in the Gallery of 

 Bologna, and Conversion of Saint Paul, in the 

 Munich Gallery. He also painted a number of 

 sacred frescoes. Annibale's Madonna Appear- 

 ing to Saint Luke and Saint Catharine and 

 The Resurrection, both in the Louvre, are 

 among his greatest achievements; his Three 

 Marys, in Castle Howard, Yorkshire, England, 

 is a wonderful example of pathos in art. The 

 galleries of Paris, Petrograd, Madrid, Florence 

 and Rome contain specimens of his landscapes. 

 Agostino was an engraver of first rank as well 

 as a painter, and his engraving of Tintoretto's 

 Crucifixion was preferred by that master to the 

 original. A celebrated canvas is his Last Com- 

 munion of Saint Jerome, now in Bologna. The 

 famous fresco decorations of the gallery of the 

 Farnese Palace, in Rome, are the joint work 

 of Agostino and Annibale. 



CARRANZA, kahrahn'zah, VENUSTIANO 

 (I860?- ), a Mexican leader and general 

 who was recognized by the United States and 



other nations, in 1915, as President of Mexico, 

 although he styled himself "First Chief." Until 

 the successful revolt against Diaz in 1911, 

 Carranza was one 

 of the great land- 

 owners of Mexico, 

 and he had occu- 

 pied a high judi- 

 cial position. He 

 was known as a 

 high -class Mexi- 

 can, educated and 

 wealthy ; his es- 

 tates in Northern 

 Mexico included 

 thousands of acres. 

 This aristocrat 

 was a friend of VENUSTIANO CARRANZA 

 President Madero, who appointed him governor 

 of the state of Coahuila. Carranza refused to 

 recognize the provisional government formed 

 by General Huerta, and in March, 1912, after 

 Madero's death, was acclaimed First Chief of 

 the Constitutionalists, the name by which the 

 former adherents of Madero now called them- 

 selves. 



Carranza's career for the next few years is 

 a part of Mexican history, which is chiefly a 

 record of civil war. In the districts over which 

 he held sway he preserved a fair measure of 

 order, although several times he showed a com- 

 plete disregard of the rights and wishes of 

 neutrals, including the United States and its 

 representatives. He proved himself, however, 

 a capable soldier, and his armies succeeded in 

 defeating and scattering those of Villa, his 

 chief rival. During the summer of 1915 

 Carranza became in fact ruler of all Mexico 

 excepting sections in the north and in the 

 south. This condition was accepted by the 

 United States and the six leading South Amer- 

 ican republics as indicating Carranza's ability 

 to bring peace to his country; therefore his 

 government was formally recognized on Oc- 

 tober 19, 1915. 



Early in 1916 Francisco Villa, former leader 

 but then a bandit, attacked Columbus, New 

 Mexico, killed a number of people, fired the 

 town and escaped southward into the Mexican 

 desert. A United States cavalry force, in pur- 

 suit, had at first the cooperation of the 

 Carranza forces, but within a month met 

 opposition from his soldiers. It developed 

 that Carranza's leadership was in the balance; 

 his power increased, however, but his authority 

 was continually menaced by active banditry, 



