CARTIER 



1207 



CARTOON 



During the next five years Cartier spoke 

 and wrote constantly in favor of Confedera- 

 tion, the formation of a Dominion, and in the 

 face of great opposition carried the province 

 of Quebec with him. He took part in the 

 conferences which preceded the passage of the 

 British North America Act, and in 1868 was 

 rewarded by a baronetcy of the United King- 

 dom. In the first Dominion Ministry he was 

 Minister of Militia and Defense, but in 1872 

 a religious issue caused his rejection by his 

 Quebec constituents. He was later elected, 

 however, in Manitoba, but the mortification 

 of the defeat at home was bitter. His health 

 was already poor, and he died on May 20, 

 1873. 



CARTIER, JACQUES (14947-1557?), a bold 

 and daring navigator whose explorations in 

 America tinder the flag of France gave that 

 country the basis for its claim to the great 

 domain of Canada. In the year 1534, Cartier 

 was commissioned by Francis I to head an 

 expedition to North America for the purpose 

 of adding new lands to the French dominions, 

 and to discover a passage to China (see NORTH- 

 WEST PASSAGE). In early summer the little 

 fleet of two small vessels reached the coast 

 of Newfoundland and passed through the 

 Strait of Belle Isle into the Gulf of Saint 

 Lawrence. After sailing along the shores of 

 New Brunswick, Cartier made a landing at 

 Cape Gaspe, on the eastern coast of the pres- 

 ent province of Quebec, and took formal pos- 

 session of the country in the name of Francis I. 

 The following May he made a second trip to 

 the New World; on this voyage he discovered 

 the Saint Lawrence River, giving it the name 

 of the saint on whose feast day he first sighted 

 its waters. He journeyed up the river to a 

 small Indian village over which towered a 

 great hill called by him Mount Royal, the 

 present site of the city of Montreal. On a 

 third visit, in 1541, he built a fortified post 

 near the site of Quebec, but the fort was soon 

 abandoned. 



CARTILAGE, kahr'tilaj, or GRISTLE. If 

 you look at the end of the breast-bone of a 

 chicken, you will notice that it is not bone at 

 all, but a white, elastic substance that can 

 easily be bent in any direction. Further ob- 

 servation will show that this substance grad- 

 ually changes into bone, and that it is diffi- 

 cult to tell just where the bone begins. This 

 white elastic substance is cartilage, or gristle. 

 Cartilage is found in the body of every animal 

 that has a backbone. It is of two kinds, tem- 



porary and permanent. Temporary cartilage 

 gradually changes to bone before the skeleton 

 is mature. The tip of the breast-bone of a 

 fowl over a year old, for example, is hard bone ; 

 in the chicken it was cartilage. There is also 

 more cartilage in the skeleton of a child than 

 in that of an adult; in the latter most of the 

 temporary cartilage has turned to bone. Per- 

 manent cartilage is found around the joints 

 and does not change to bone. The external 

 ear is of this kind of cartilage. It also occurs 

 in the nose and the eyelids. It is white, tough 

 and flexible, is a sort of soft padding between 

 the harder bones, and is useful in holding the 

 bones in position at the joints and enabling 

 the joints to bend. See BONE. 



CARTOON'. As most commonly used to- 

 day, the word cartoon refers to a humorous 

 or satiric picture intended to hold up to ridi- 

 cule some public man, party or movement. 

 Practically all of the great daily papers, as 



"THE MASTER MUSICIAN IS DEAD" 

 The above picture presents a cartoon of more 

 serious aspect than usual in illustrations of that 

 class. It is by John T. McCutcheon, and repro- 

 duction is by permission. 



well as a great many magazines, have such 

 sketches, and they play a large part in record- 

 ing history. In this sense the word means 

 practically what caricature meant earlier, and 

 a brief history of the art of caricature, or car- 

 toon-making, is given under that title. Car- 

 toons in recent years have undergone a de- 

 cided change of spirit. They are much better- 

 natured far less bitter. Rarely indeed, except 

 in sensational journals, is the old, venomous, 

 biting style of cartoon to be seen; most of 



