CATHODE RAYS 



1229 



CATILINE 



but to the extraordinary devotion of the 

 people. Sometimes a cathedral would be cen- 

 turies in building, and the fervor must often 

 have flagged, but the religious purpose was 

 kept always in view, and it is said that in 

 no structures ever erected is there so little 

 evidence of the tendency to slight work be- 

 cause it will not be seen; the most minute 

 carving in the farthest and darkest corner is 

 as carefully done as the sculpture over the 

 great central doors. 



The Most Famous European Cathedrals. In 

 general, a great cathedral was built in the 

 most conspicuous place in a city, and stood 

 as a landmark for miles around, its towers 

 far over-topping the roofs of the town. No 

 special style of architecture was prescribed 

 for cathedrals, but most of those in England 

 and many of those on the Continent are Gothic 

 in style and cross-shaped in arrangement, hav- 

 ing chapterhouse, cloister, chapels and crypt 

 connected with them. 



Among the most noted on the Continent are 

 the cathedral of Milan; the great cathedral at 

 Florence, with its huge dome and magnificent 

 campanile, the whole constituting one of the 

 finest examples of the Italian-Gothic style; 

 the wonderful Cologne cathedral; the Cathe- 

 dral of Notre Dame at Paris, with its cele- 

 brated gargoyles; and the cathedrals of Amiens 

 and Rheims, which suffered great damage in 

 1914 and 1915, during the early stages of the 

 War of the Nations. All over the world theje 

 was a feeling of the profoundest regret at the 

 destruction visited on these buildings, not only 

 because of their beauty but because of what 

 they stand for in religious history. 



In England there are the cathedrals of Can- 

 terbury, York, Salisbury, Lincoln and Exeter, 

 and, perhaps the most famous of all, Saint 

 Paul's in London; Scotland has but two, those 

 of Glasgow and Kirkwall. Detailed descrip- 

 tion of these is impossible here, but many of 

 them are described under their titles or under 

 the names of the cities in which they are 

 located. For the reader interested in art few 

 more inspiring subjects could be suggested than 

 these cathedrals which date from the Middle 

 Ages, for they are practically an epitome of 

 the art of the times in which they were 

 built. A.MC c. 



Consult Pratt's Cathedral Churches of Eng- 

 land; Wilson's Cathedrals of France; Bell's 

 Handbook to Continental Churches. 



CATHODE, kath'ode, RAYS, the rays 

 springing from the negative or cathode elec- 



trode in a glass tube or other vessel from which 

 the air has been exhausted and into whose 

 opposite ends electrodes have been sealed (see 

 CROOKES TUBES). The rays can be produced 

 by connecting the electrodes with an induction 

 coil (which see) or with an electric machine. 

 They fill the tube with a bluish light, and if a 

 piece of platinum is placed in front of the 

 cathode electrode it becomes red hot. These 

 rays are of interest because it was by experi- 

 menting with them that the Roentgen or 

 X-rays were discovered. See ROENTGEN RAYS. 



CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, 

 located at Washington, D. C., is the highest 

 educational institution in the United States 

 under the direction of the Roman Catholic 

 Church. It was founded for the purpose of 

 giving Roman Catholics an opportunity to 

 study higher courses under the guidance of 

 their own Church, and is purely a post-grad- 

 uate university. The founding of such an 

 institution was advocated by Archbishop John 

 Spalding for several years before Pope Leo 

 XIII granted the constitution in the year 1887. 

 The department of theology began its first 

 sessions in 1889, and the other departments, 

 philosophy, letters and sciences, were added as 

 the buildings were completed. 



The school of sacred sciences is divided into 

 four departments biblical, dogmatic, moral 

 and historical. To the faculty of philosophy 

 belong the departments of philosophy proper, 

 experimental psychology and kindred branches. 

 There are in addition courses in litera- 

 ture, philology, and physical, biological and 

 social sciences. In 1911 a Teachers' College 

 was opened for Roman Catholic Sisters who are 

 in the teaching profession. The institution 

 has property and investments valued at nearly 

 $2,700,000, and a library of about 100,000 vol- 

 umes. The tuition is $125 a year. About 

 700 students are enrolled, and they are under 

 the guidance of a faculty of about eighty 

 professors and instructors.- Since its foundation 

 Cardinal Gibbons has been chancellor of the 

 institution. O.W.M. 



CATILINE, kat'iline (108-62 B.C.), the cele- 

 brated leader of a band of Roman conspirators, 

 whose plots against the republic were discov- 

 ered and thwarted by Cicero. Catiline was 

 of patrician birth, and his full name was 

 Lucius SERGIUS CATILINA. In his youth he 

 joined the party of Sulla, and revealed himself 

 as a cruel and greedy supporter of that dic- 

 tator. Possessed of great physical strength, 

 a lawless nature and unscrupulous daring, he 



