CATTLE 



1238 



CAUCASUS 



range develops the frames, but the animals 

 are sold as feeders relatively thin in flesh. 

 Some farmers prefer two-year-old feeders 

 weighing 1,100 pounds, because of the greater 

 spread. By spread is meant the increase per 



COUNTRIES RAISING THE MOST CATTLE 



pound that the finished steer sells for over the 

 cost per pound of the feeder. Thus, if an 

 1,100 pound feeder were sold at an increase of 

 $1.50 per hundred weight over the purchase 

 price, there would be a gain of $16.50, whereas 

 the gain on the original weight of an 800 pound 

 feeder would only be $12. Thus it might be 

 more advantageous to fatten the larger ani- 

 mal, even though it cost more per pound of 

 gain. 



The great cattle ranges of Western North 

 America are being rapidly given over to sheep 

 ranching and to grain farming. The beef 

 business is becoming more a small farm busi- 

 ness instead of great cattle ranch business. 



Something of the same type of cattle raising 

 has developed on range land in other coun- 

 tries, particularly in Argentina, South Amer- 

 ica. With the increase in price of meat in the 

 world's markets and the better methods of 

 refrigeration, -Argentine beef is being sold on 

 the English, United States and Canadian mar- 

 kets. The United States is no longer export- 

 ing beef; there is not a sufficient amount in 

 America, and the supply for home consump- 

 tion must be augmented from other countries. 

 The effect of the shipment of beef from Argen- 

 tina to the United States will be to keep the 

 prices of meat lower to the consumer, and of 

 course the farmer in the United States will lose 

 where the city consumer will gain. The im- 

 portation of meals from Argentina into the 

 United States increased rapidly during 1914- 

 1915. The exports of beef from Argentina to 

 all countries increased from 830,213 quarters 

 in 1905 to 4,356,254 quarters in 1915, an increase 

 of 3,526,041 quarters in ten years. E.G.S. 



Related Subjects. The following articles will 

 be found to contain much additional information 



which will be of interest to readers of this 



article : 



Beef Meat and 



Butter Meat Packing 



Cheese Milk 



Cow Ruminants 



Dairying Zebu 



Horn 



Consult Eckle's Dairy Cattle and Milk Produc- 

 tion; Bulletin 15, Bureau of Animal Industry 

 (Washington, D. C.), also Bulletin 34, from same 

 source ; Breeds of Dairy Cattle, Farmer's Bulle- 

 tin 106, United States Department of Agricul- 

 ture. 



CATULLUS, katul'us, CAIUS VALERIUS 

 (about 87-about 54 B.C.), a famous Roman 

 lyric poet, whose verses are remarkable ex- 

 pressions of his personal feelings and experi- 

 ences. He formed a deep attachment for a 

 woman who appears in numberless poems un- 

 der the name of Lesbia, and his love for her 

 was the theme of some of his finest lyrics. 

 His joys and sorrows, his despair when he 

 found Lesbia unfaithful to him, his affection 

 for his friends and his hatred for his enemies 

 are all expressed in his poetry without the 

 slightest restraint. 



Among the longer poems of Catullus the 

 most remarkable are his Nuptials oj Peleus 

 and Thetis; his two marriage poems, forerun- 

 ners of the marriage songs of Spenser, Jonson 

 and Herrick; and a weird poem, Attis, which 

 suggests an Oriental influence and is unlike 

 anything else in Roman literature. 



The following translation of a passage in one 

 of his songs is suggestive of his poetic imag- 

 ination: 



Suns may set and rise ; we, when our short 

 day has closed, must sleep on during one eternal 

 night. 



Catullus was a master of epigram, and hia 

 poetry contains numerous expressions like the 

 following : 



What woman says to fond lover should be 

 written on air or the swift water. 



CAUCASUS, kaw'kasus, or CAUCASIA, 



kawkay'shia, a region in the southeastern 

 part of the Russian Empire, divided into two 

 portions by the Caucasus Mountains, which 

 extend from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. 

 The portion to the north of the mountains is 

 called Cis-Caucasia, or on this side oj the 

 mountains; that to the south, Trans-Caucasia, 

 or across the mountains. The combined area 

 of the two sections is 184,603 square miles, or 

 nearly equal to that of Ohio, Indiana, Mich- 

 igan and Wisconsin combined. Politically the 



