CAVOUR 



1243 



CAYENNE 



manufacture of tobacco and hemp. Popula- 

 tion, about 4,500. 



CAVOUR, kavoor', COUNT CAMILLO BENSO 

 DI (1810-1861), a far-sighted Italian statesman 

 whose efforts to unite the Italian people under 

 a single ruler give him a place among the 

 "nation-makers" of the world. He entered the 

 Parliament of Sardinia in 1848, when the whole 

 Italian peninsula was aflame with the spirit of 

 patriotism. In 1852 he became the Prime Min- 

 ister of Victor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, 

 and in this office Cavour worked with one aim 

 in view the union of Italy under a central 

 government which should be independent of 

 Austria. His first step was to make Sardinia 

 an ally of England and France in the Crimean 

 War, thus securing for his country the recog- 

 nition of the European powers in the peace 

 congress at the close of the war. He then 

 forced Austria into a war with Sardinia, which 

 resulted in a victory for the Italian state and 

 the annexation of the greater part of Lom- 

 bardy. With the help of Garibaldi, Cavour 

 was able, by the beginning of 1861, to unite all 

 Italy except Venice and Rome, and he lived 

 to see the meeting of the first Italian Parlia- 

 ment. See ITALY, subhead History; GARIBALDI, 

 GIUSEPPE. 



CAWEIN, kay wine' , MADISON JULIUS (1865- 

 1914) , one of the popular recent poets of Amer- 

 ica, distinguished especially for his sympathetic 

 treatment of nature, which may be seen from 

 these lines in one of his introductory poems: 



If the wind and the brook and the bird would 



teach 



My heart their beautiful parts of speech, 

 And the natural art that they say them with, 

 My soul would sing of beauty and myth 

 In a rhyme and a metre that none before 

 Have sung in their love, or dreamed In their lore, 

 And the world would be richer one poet the more. 



Cawein was born in Louisville, Ky., and was 

 educated in the high school there. His first 

 poems in book-form were published in 1887, 

 and from that time on volume followed vol- 

 ume with rapidity. The quality was not al- 

 ways uniform, but his best work was certain 

 to win the attention of enthusiastic readers, 

 and a volume of his verse was one of the events 

 of the literary year. His death, which was 

 looked upon as a distinct artistic loss, called 

 forth a number of poetic tributes, one of which 

 contains these lines: 



Here, here the pain Is sharpest ! For he walked 

 As one of these and they knew naught of fear, 

 But told him daily happenings and talked 

 Their lovely secrets in his listening ear ! 



Yet we do bid them grieve, and tell their grief ; 

 Else were they thankless, else were all untrue ; 

 O wind and stream, O bee and bird and leaf. 

 Mourn for your poet, with a long adieu ! 



CAWNPORE, kaum'pohr, or KANPUR, the 

 scene of the blackest atrocities of the Sepoy 

 Rebellion, but now a flourishing commercial 

 center of India. It is noted for its manufac- 

 tures of cotton, harness, shoes and other 

 leather goods, and is admirably situated at 

 the junction of four great Indian railway sys- 

 tems. It is 628 miles northwest of Calcutta 

 and forty miles southwest of Lucknow, on the 

 south bank of the sacred River Ganges, in the 

 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1857 

 the European garrison was destroyed . by the 

 rebels under Nana Sahib, who indiscriminately 

 murdered men, women and children. The 

 bodies of 200 victims were cast down a well, 

 now marked by a memorial stone of white 

 marble. Population in 1911, 178,557. See 

 SEPOY REBELLION. 



C AX 'TON, WILLIAM (1422-1491), a celebrated 

 English printer, whose introduction of the art 

 of printing into England laid the foundation 

 for the literary glories of the Elizabethan Era. 

 In his youth he was apprenticed to a London 

 merchant, and after the death of his master 

 went over to Bruges in Belgium, where he 

 established a business of his own. There he 

 prospered in his trade and also mastered sev- 

 eral languages. In the course of time he made 

 a translation into English of a popular romance 

 about the story of Troy, and in order to ob- 

 tain several copies of it he learned the newly- 

 discovered art of printing. This work was 

 printed at Bruges or Cologne about 1474, and 

 is the first book printed in the English tongue. 



In 1476 Caxton returned to England and 

 set up a printing shop in one of the almshouses 

 near Westminster Abbey. In 1477 he pub- 

 lished the first book printed in England, en- 

 titled Dictes and Notable Wise Sayings of the 

 Philosophers. From that time until his death 

 he was busily engaged in writing, translating 

 and printing, including among his publications 

 many of Chaucer's stories and Malory's tales 

 of King Arthur. His services to English lit- 

 erature cannot be overestimated; his numer- 

 ous translations helped to fix the literary form 

 of the language, and his introduction of print- 

 ing is counted among the chief events that 

 brought about the revival of learning in Eng- 

 land. 



CAYENNE, kaen', whose name is every- 

 where known through its association with red 



