CENIS 



1249 



CENSORS 



must contain certain proportions of lime, clay 

 and silica. When the natural rock contains 

 these substances in proper proportion the proc- 

 ess of manufacture consists in quarrying the 

 rock, breaking it into small pieces, which are 

 thoroughly dried in kilns, then grinding to 

 a powder. This powder is then burned to 

 a clinker in kilns constructed especially for the 

 purpose, coal dust or crude petroleum being 

 used for a fuel. The clinker is ground to a 

 fine powder, which is packed in sacks or barrels 

 for the market. 



When clay and limestone need to be mixed 

 before burning, the wet process is used. Each 

 ingredient is ground separately; then they are 

 wet and mixed in proper proportions. The 

 mixture is made into bricks, which are dried, 

 ground and burned, and again ground to a pow- 

 der, as in the dry process. 



Hydraulic cement is cement which hardens 

 under water. Since nearly all Portland cement 

 is hydraulic, the term is now but little used. 

 Slag cement is made from the slag of smelting 

 furnaces where steel is made. Only certain 

 varieties of slag are suitable for the purpose, 

 and it is but little used in the United States 

 and Canada. 



Cement is manufactured in large quantities 

 in the United States, Canada, England and 

 Germany. The yearly output in the United 

 States is about 93,000,000 barrels, and in Can- 

 ada it 'is about 8,600,000 barrels. The leading 

 states in the order of their production are 

 Pennsylvania, Indiana, California, New York, 

 Illinois. See CONCRETE. W.F.R. 



Consult Meade's Cement, Its Manufacture and 

 Uses; Taylor's Practical Cement Testing. 



CENIS, see nee', an important mountain in 

 the Alpine system, between the Italian province 

 of Turin and Savoy in France, with an altitude 

 of 11,755 feet. Over this mountain, to enable 

 him to conduct a military campaign against 

 Italy, Napoleon constructed a road forty miles 

 in length, and this for years thereafter formed 

 the main route between the two countries. A 

 railway tunnel now penetrates the mountain 

 at heights varying from 3,775 to 4,245 feet. 

 Work on its construction was commenced in 

 1857, and it was completed in 1872. The total 

 cost was about $15,000,000 and so difficult was 

 the task of boring through the rock that the 

 greatest ingenuity was called for on the part 

 of the engineers. The power-drill and air 

 compressor now used in all tunneling opera- 

 tions were first tried and found successful in 

 the Mont Cenis tunnel. 



79 



CENOZOIC, senozo'ik, ERA, the division 

 of geologic time which extends from the Meso- 

 zoic Era to the present. Through its different 

 periods plants and animals steadily approached 

 forms of life as they now exist. In this era 

 was developed the ancestor of man, though 

 the exact time of his origin is unknown. See 

 GEOLOGY, for diagram showing the place of the 

 Cenozoic Era; also FOSSIL; MESOZOIC ERA. 



CENSER, sen'sur, a vessel in which incense 

 is burned during religious ceremonies. Among 

 the ancient Jews it was used to offer perfumes 

 in sacrifices, that for the tabernacle being of 

 brass, that for the temple, of gold. Censers of 

 various forms are 

 still used in the 

 Roman Catholic 

 Church at mass, 

 vespers and other 

 offices, as well as 

 in some Anglican 

 and other 

 churches. A cen- 

 ser is usually 

 of ornamental 

 form, supported 

 by chains with 

 which it is swung 

 to and fro by 

 hand, the per- 

 fumed smoke is- 

 suing from the 

 perforated top. 

 In Shakespeare's 

 time the term 

 was applied to a 

 bottle perforated 

 and ornamented at the top and used for sprink- 

 ling perfume, or to a pan for burning any 

 odoriferous substance. 



CENSORS, sen'sorz, in ancient Rome, two 

 officials whose chief duty was to take the 

 census of the citizens and record the 'amount 

 of property owned by each. Among other 

 functions, they kept a strict watch over public 

 and private morals, and could reduce the rank 

 of a person or take away his right to vote if 

 they found him guilty of immoral conduct. 

 From the came of these Roman officials comes 

 the English word censorious, which means 

 fault-finding. The censorship was created 

 about 444 B.C., and for a century was open 

 only to the patricians, but in 351 B.C. the 

 plebeians secured the right of election to the 

 office, and from their ranks came the most 

 distinguished of all the censors, Cato the Elder 



CENSER 



A characteristic type of the 

 eighteenth century. 



