CHANUTE 



1268 



CHAPLEAU 



his writings. He was born at Newport, R. I., 

 and studied at Harvard College. His first ap- 

 pointment as a pastor was in 1803, when he 

 was placed in charge of the congregation of 

 the Federal Street Church in Boston. At first 

 his sermons did not show a strong denomina- 

 tional spirit, but gradually he became a decided 

 Unitarian and taught the doctrines of that 

 denomination with great zeal and success. 

 Noble and fearless, he was a strong advocate 

 of temperance, international peace and free- 

 dom. His most popular essays are those on 

 National Literature, John Milton and Self- 

 Culture. Coleridge said of him, "He has the 

 love of wisdom and the wisdom of love." 

 There is a bronze statue of him in Boston. 



CHANUTE, chanute', KAN., a city in 

 Neosho County, in the southeastern part of the 

 state, about 120 miles southwest of Kansas 

 City and forty miles west and south of Fort 

 Scott. It is on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 

 Fe and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas rail- 

 roads. The population in 1910 was 9,272; in 

 1914 it was 11,429. The area of the city ex- 

 ceeds two square miles. Chanute is surrounded 

 by an extensive natural-gas and petroleum 

 field, and gas is exclusively used for manu- 

 factories. The industrial plants include large 

 railroad shops of the Santa Fe, oil refineries, 

 drilling-tool works, brick and cement plants, 

 smelters and flour mills. Chanute was settled 

 in 1872 and incorporated the following year. 

 In 1912 it adopted the commission form of 

 government. 



CHAPARRAL, chap oral', dense, tangled 

 brushwood, consisting of low, thorny shrubs, 

 brambles and briars, that grows on the dry soil 

 of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico. 

 The word is derived from the Spanish chaparro, 

 meaning evergreen oak, and was first used in 

 the United States about 1846, during the Mex- 

 ican War. References to chaparral occur in the 

 writings of Bayard Taylor, Robert Louis 

 Stevenson, Helen Hunt Jackson, Stewart Ed- 

 ward White and others who have written of 

 the Western country. Mrs. Jackson's descrip- 

 tion of this shrubby plant in her Glimpses of 

 Three Coasts is often quoted: 



Nobody will ever, by pencil or brush or pen, 

 fairly render the beauty of the mysterious, un- 

 defined, undefinable chaparral. 



CHAPLAIN, chap'lin, a clergyman attached 

 ' to an army or navy, performing for the sol- 

 diers or sailors under his charge the duties a 

 minister performs for his congregation. 



United States army chaplains are appointed 



by the President, with the advice and consent 

 of the Senate, the Secretary of War making 

 assignments and transfers. There are no re- 

 strictions as to denomination. Each regiment 

 of cavalry, infantry and field artillery has its 

 chaplain; one is assigned to the corps of en- 

 gineers and to the Military Academy, and there 

 is a specified number, varying from time to 

 time, for the coast artillery corps. The num- 

 ber allowed to the navy bears a definite rela- 

 tion to the total membership of the navy and 

 marine corps. 



The rank, pay and allowances of a chaplain 

 in the United States army, after seven years' 

 service, are those of a captain of infantry; 

 until then his grade is that of a first lieutenant. 

 Unusual ability is recognized by advancement 

 to the rank of major, though there may be 

 among the chaplains no more than fifteen 

 majors at any one time. A chaplain in the 

 navy begins as an acting-chaplain, with the 

 rank of a junior-grade lieutenant, and after 

 three years becomes chaplain, progressing 

 through the various grades of lieutenant, lieu- 

 tenant-commander, commander and captain. 

 In the Canadian service some chaplains are 

 honorary captains, others honorary majors. See 

 RANK. 



France has no chaplains in its military serv- 

 ice, the office having been abolished when 

 Church and State were separated, but in the 

 War of the Nations many hundreds of priests 

 enlisted as privates and throughout the war 

 served as chaplains when not on the firing line. 

 In England there are chaplains of two classes 

 permanent and occasional the latter being 

 appointed for temporary service in special dis- 

 tricts. 



CHAPLEAU, shaplo', SIR JOSEPH ADOLPHE 

 (1840-1898), a Canadian statesman, one of the 

 foremost criminal lawyers and political ora- 

 tors of his time. He was born at Ste. Therese 

 de Blainville, Quebec, on November 9, 1840. 

 He was twenty-one when he was called to the 

 bar of Lower Canada, as Quebec was then 

 called, and in a short time was recognized as 

 a great criminal lawyer. In 1867 he was elected 

 to the Quebec Assembly, and in 1873 became 

 solicitor-general of the province. At short 

 intervals he next became provincial secretary, 

 leader of the Conservative opposition, and 

 finally premier of Quebec from 1879 to 1882. 

 He was Secretary of State in the Dominion 

 Ministries of Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir 

 John J. C. Abbott from 1882 to 1892, when 

 he held the post of Minister of Customs for six 



