CHEMISTRY OF FOOD 



1299 



CHEROKEE 



Curie, Pierre and 



Marie S. 



Davy, Sir Humphry 

 Faraday, Michael 



Gay-Lussac, Louis J. 

 Liebig, Baron von 

 Pasteur, Louis 

 Remsen, Ira 



See 



CHEMISTRY, kem'istri, OF FOOD. 

 FOOD, subhead Chemistry of Food. 



CHEMNITZ, kem'nitz, one of the chief com- 

 mercial and industrial cities of Germany. It 

 is in Saxony, on the Chemnitz River, thirty- 

 eight miles west-southwest of Dresden. The 

 town owns its water, gas and electric plants, 

 and conducts municipal pawnshops. In this 

 "Saxon Manchester," as the town is called, the 

 greatest industries are the manufacture of ma- 

 chinery, in which over 20,000 men are em- 

 ployed, and the making of textile fabrics, 

 chiefly cottons. A large part of its calicoes, 

 ginghams and other printed goods is sent to 

 the United States. Chemnitz had in the early 

 years of the nineteenth century a growth rival- 

 ing that of the western cities of America. In 

 1900 its population was 207,000; in 1910, 287,- 

 340. 



CHEOPS, ke'ops, an Egyptian king of the 

 fourth dynasty, builder of the famous Great 

 Pyramid at Gizeh, near Cairo. He lived about 

 2900 B. c. According to Herodotus, the "Father 

 of History," he was an oppressive ruler who 

 stopped at nothing to secure funds to com- 

 plete his pyramid, even sacrificing his daugh- 

 ter's honor. But others believe he was con- 

 sidered a wise and powerful king. The Egyp- 

 tians called him Khufu, and the pyramid "the 

 glory of Khufu." It took twenty years and 

 100,000 men working constantly to complete 

 this work of wonder. See PYRAMIDS. 



CHEQUE, check, the English and Canadian 

 form of the word CHECK (which see). 



CHERBOURG, sherboor', a stronghold of 

 Northern France, chiefly known to Americans 

 as the European terminus of a great trans- 

 Atlantic steamship line. It is on the English 

 Channel, at the mouth of the Divette River, 

 232 miles west-northwest of Paris. Its com- 

 mercial port, which has an outer harbor and 

 an inner basin, is commodious and unusually 

 secure, but its features of greatest importance 

 are its naval port and its fortifications. The 

 port is cut out of solid rock, and has three 

 great basins with a combined area of fifty-five 

 acres. Outside of both ports, and protecting 

 them from the north, is a vast breakwater 

 accounted the most remarkable work of its 

 kind in the world. It is over two miles in 

 length, 650 feet wide at its base and thirty feet 

 at its summit, and encloses an area of 3,700 



acres. Where its two branches meet there is 

 a great fort, and smaller forts crown the ends. 

 Two strong fortifications back of the town 

 protect it from the landward side as well. 



Cherbourg has numerous industries, but 

 neither they nor its buildings differ materially 

 from those of other cities of its size. Popula- 

 tion in 1911, 43,731. 



CHER'OKEE. When Fernando De Soto 

 made his famous expedition to the Mississippi 

 River in 1539-1540 he passed through the terri- 

 tory of an Indian tribe more nearly civilized 

 than any other that he had found. They were 

 described as living in log houses and tilling 

 the land. These Indians were the Cherokee, 

 a branch of the Iroquoian family and one of 

 the most important tribes east of the Missis- 

 sippi. They formerly occupied all the moun- 

 tain region of the present states of West Vir- 

 ginia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, 

 Alabama and Georgia. The name is said to 

 mean cave people in the Choctaw language, 

 because there were so many caves in the region 

 they occupied. Before the Revolutionary War 

 they were in frequent conflict with the set- 

 tlers of the Southern colonies, and during the 

 war they favored the British. 



In 1785 the Cherokee made a treaty with 

 the United States. Their independence was 

 acknowledged, and their title to the lands 

 they occupied was confirmed. From that time 

 the tribe made rapid progress in civilization. 

 In 1820 the Cherokee Nation was organized, 

 and a few years later a constitution modeled 

 after that of the United States was adopted. 

 Schools were established, and Sequoya, a 

 half-blood, invented an alphabet which soon 

 enabled them to read in their own language. 

 In 1827 they established the first Indian print- 

 ing press in the United States, and the next 

 year began the publication of the Cherokee 

 Phoenix, the first Indian newspaper. Mean- 

 while, gold had been discovered in their terri- 

 tory, the inhabitants of Georgia were clamor- 

 ing for their land, and notwithstanding the 

 treaty which the United States, under President 

 Jackson, had made with the Cherokee, they 

 were compelled by force to give up their 

 homes and remove to Indian Territory, where 

 some of their number had previously gone. 

 The journey was made on foot, and many 

 lost their lives through hardship and suffer- 

 ing. During this time of trial, their great 

 leader, John Ross, accompanied them and 

 shared their sufferings. Some of the Cherokee 

 refused to be removed from their antestral 



