CHESS 



1305 



CHESTER 



it at the beginning of the game, and is called 

 the king's square or the queen's square, and so 

 on; the whole file has the same name. But 

 each player counts from his own side, and it 

 is easily seen that row number 1 for him is 

 row number 8 for his adversary, and row num- 

 ber 2 for him is row number 7 for his adver- 

 sary, and so on. Other signs used in chess 

 books or in the explanation of chess problems 

 are: ( ), to; (x), takes. 



Opening, Middle and End. A game of chess 

 can be divided into three parts: the opening, 

 the middle and the end. In the opening each 

 player seeks to move his pieces in such a 

 way as to secure the best strategic position for 

 the actual battle which develops in the middle 

 game. The various openings of a game are 

 explained in all books of chess, and any player 

 who wishes to gain proficiency must master 

 the openings. A few broad principles govern- 

 ing the opening are to play forth the minor 

 pieces early, to castle the king in good time 

 and not expect to establish a strong attack 

 with half of one's forces at home. 



The actual battle takes place in the middle 

 game and results in the capture of such a 

 number of pawns and pieces as usually decides 

 which side will eventually win the game. It 

 is during the middle game, where such an 

 endless variety of situations is to be found, 

 that the players have the opportunity to dis- 

 play all their ingenuity and power of combi- 

 nation. A few simple hints which ought to 

 guide a player during any part of the game 

 are to try always to perceive the motive of 

 the adversary before making the next move; 

 to look over the board to see whether he can- 

 not make a better move than the one he in- 

 tended to make; to be careful not to play into 

 his opponent's hand by being tempted to cap- 

 ture, a piece which is only intended as a bait. 



The Scholar's Mate. We give below, as an 

 example, a short game which has been prac- 

 ticed upon young and inexperienced players 

 and which never fails to cause such a player 

 the greatest astonishment. It is called the 

 scholar's mate, and in this game checkmate is 

 given in the first few opening moves. The 

 movements can be followed on the diagram 

 in the second illustration: 



WHITE 



1. P-K 4 



2. KB-QB 4 



3. Q-KR 4 



4. Q-KB 7 and check- 



mate 



BLACK 



1. P-K 4 



2. KB-QB 4 



3. KKt-KB 3 



History. The game of chess, which is the 

 most cosmopolitan game and is played now 

 in every part of the world, originated in Asia. 

 It seems probable that it was invented in India, 

 and from this place was introduced into Persia. 

 The Arabs conquered Persia in the seventh 

 century, learned the game and introduced it 

 into all the countries they conquered after- 

 wards. In this way chess reached Spain, 

 whence it spread all over Europe. Benjamin 

 Franklin popularized the game in the United 

 States. O.B. 



CHEST, or THORAX, tho'rakt, the boxlike 

 portion of the human body that lies between 

 the neck and the abdomen. It is shaped some- 

 what like a cone, with the narrower end up- 

 ward. The ribs, which are attached to the 

 breast bone in front and to the spinal column 

 behind, form its sides. The only opening at 

 the top is the windpipe, which leads to the 

 throat. The bottom is formed by a layer of 

 soft muscle known as the diaphragm, through 

 which arteries and veins lead downward. 

 Within the chest are the heart, the terminals 

 of the great arteries and veins, the lungs, the 

 windpipe, the bronchi, the' oesophagus and the 

 thoracic duct. 



In the act of breathing the muscles which 

 connect and cover the ribs cause them to be 

 drawn upward and outward, while the dia- 

 phragm flattens downward. Thus the chest 

 can be increased in size in every direction, and 

 it is so constructed that this expansion occurs 

 without injury to the delicate organs within 

 it. Ordinarily when people breathe they ex- 

 tend the chest from one to two inches, but a 

 very deep breath may expand it easily three 

 inches. In physical examinations for life in- 

 surance a three-inch expansion is expected. 



CHESTER, an old cathedral city of England, 

 on the north bank of the River Dee, about 

 twenty-two miles from the sea and sixteen 

 miles southeast of Liverpool. The town is 

 one of the oldest in England and is considered 

 one of the most picturesque. Its history dates 

 authentically from the third Roman invasion, 

 A. D. 80, being identified with Deva, an impor- 

 tant Roman military station. Cheater baa a 

 number of striking antique features. It is still 

 surrounded by its ancient wall, about two miles 

 in circumference, eight feet thick and pierced 

 by four gates. A promenade extends along the 

 top. Another unique feature is called the 

 "Rows," and consists of an open but covered 

 gallery running along the second story of the 

 fronts of houses on the two principal streets. 



