CHEVIOT HILLS 



1308 



CHIAROSCURO 



This trouble was first noticed in 1904 near 

 New York, and has been spreading rapidly, 

 there being no known cure. 



The well-known chinquapin is a miniature 

 species of chestnut. Chestnut bark is valuable 

 for tanning. The timber is used for wood- 

 work, furniture, railroad ties, fence posts and 

 fuel. The nuts are eaten raw or boiled, baked 

 or roasted, and sometimes dried and ground 

 into flour. The horse chestnut is an entirely 

 different tree. M.S. 



CHEVIOT, chev'iut, HILLS, a low moun- 

 tain range lying partly in Northumberland, 

 England, and partly in Roxburghshire, Scot- 

 land, forming about thirty-five miles of the 

 boundary line between the two countries. The 

 hills extend from the River Tweed on the 

 northeast to the sources of the Liddel on the 

 southwest. They are well grouped, smooth in 

 contour and covered with grass, and are the 

 grazing ground of the famous Cheviot sheep. 

 The region is also noted for its grouse. During 

 the Border wars the hills were the scene of 

 much of the romance and history of those 

 troublous times, and they will always be asso- 

 ciated with the old English ballad, Chevy 

 Chase. 



CHEWING GUM. See subhead, in article 

 GUM. 



CHEYENNE, shien' or sheen', a tribe of 

 Indians belonging to the Algonquian family. 

 When first known to white men they lived in 

 Minnesota, north of the Minnesota River, but 

 were gradually driven westward into the pres- 

 ent states of South Dakota, North Dakota 

 and Montana. They have always been a 

 strong, brave people, who have held women 

 in high regard. When first known they lived 

 in villages and cultivated the land, but later 

 they became the most skilful and daring Indian 

 riders of the Plains. In 1832 a portion of 

 the tribe removed to Arkansas and became 

 known as the Southern Cheyenne. Their 

 treatment by the whites was unjust, and from 

 1860 to 1878 they were actively engaged in 

 border warfare. In 1876 they took a promi- 

 nent part in the battle in which General Custer 

 and all his men were slain. They have since 

 become friendly. The southern branch is lo- 

 cated in Oklahoma, where they live upon farms 

 and have become civilized and have been 

 admitted to citizenship. The northern branch 

 is on a reservation in Montana. In all they 

 number about 3,500. For customs and habits 

 see INDIANS, AMERICAN; see, also, ALGONQUIAN 

 INDIANS. 



.CHEYENNE, shien', WYO., the capital of 

 the state and county seat of Laramie County, 

 situated in the extreme southeastern part of 

 the state, on Crow Creek. Denver is 106 miles 

 south, Omaha is 516 miles east, and Salt Lake 

 City is 520 miles west. The Union Pacific, the 

 Colorado & Southern and the Chicago, Bur- 

 lington & Quincy railways serve the city. 

 Cheyenne was settled in 1867, when the Union 

 Pacific Railway was constructed to this point; 

 in 1869 it was chosen as the capital. In 1913 

 the commission form of government was 

 adopted. The water works, which cost $2,000,- 

 000, are owned by the city. The population 

 in 1916 was 11,320, which included the soldiers 

 at the military post, Fort D. A. Russell. 



Cheyenne is located on the eastern slope of 

 the Laramie range of mountains, 6,050 feet 

 above sea level, with Crow Creek, a tributary 

 of the South Platte River, winding half way 

 around it. The surrounding country is a pic- 

 turesque mountainous region, with many water- 

 falls, lakes and springs, and this natural beauty 

 extends into the city through its several parks. 

 Cheyenne is the home of the original Frontier 

 Days' Wild West Show, which annually at- 

 tracts large numbers of visitors and contestants. 

 The buildings and grounds for this enter- 

 tainment, including the city lakes and land 

 adjoining, cover 160 acres. 



Industrially, the vicinity is largely interested 

 in stock-raising, and from the city great num- 

 bers of beef cattle are shipped to Eastern 

 markets. The kindred industry of meat-pack- 

 ing is extensive, and the creameries supply a 

 large section around Cheyenne. Here are 

 located the large shops of the Union Pacific 

 Railroad, which employ about 1,000 men. Iron 

 is mined in the vicinity. 



Besides the state capitol, the city has a 

 $400,000 Federal building, the governor's man- 

 sion, soldiers' and sailors' home, county hospi- 

 tal, a Carnegie Library, and a Roman Catholic 

 convent. Fort D. A. Russell, three miles from 

 the city, is one of the largest forts in the 

 United States; its construction and equipment 

 cost $7,000,000. R.M.L. 



CHIAROSCURO , ke ah ro skoo ' TO. One of the 

 most difficult things to master in painting is 

 the handling of light and shade, or chiaroscuro, 

 as it is called, from Italian words meaning 

 light and dark. Unless objects in the light 

 stand out and those in the shadow are prop- 

 erly subordinated, perspective seems to be 

 lacking. Correggio and Rembrandt rank as 

 the great masters of chiaroscuro. 



