CHIFFON 



1321 



CHILD 



1847 and was incorporated as a town in 1879. 

 Population in 1911, 5,880; in 1916, about 6,500. 



CHIFFON, shij'on, a very soft, thin, gauzy 

 material used for veils, trimmings, niches and 

 various dainty garments for women. The 

 finest qualities are silky and are made in all 

 colors, but chiefly delicate tints of blue, green, 

 pink, and cream and white are used. Cotton 

 chiffons are also made, and dainty chiffon rib- 

 bons are popularly used by florists to decorate 

 bouquets of flowers and plants to be sent as 

 gifts. Chiffon lace is chiffon embroidered with 

 silk. 



The name chiffon is French and means rag 

 or flimsy cloth, and in that language is used 

 to suggest anything decorative worn by women. 



CHIHUAHUA, chewah'wah, the capital of 

 the state of Chihuahua, and the most impor- 

 tant commercial city in Northern Mexico. It 

 is built on a table-land surrounded by moun- 

 tains 4,650 feet above sea level, and is on the 

 Chihuahua River. The city is 700 miles north 

 of Mexico City and 225 miles south of El 

 Paso, Tex. The state of Chihuahua once pro- 

 duced more silver than any other district in 

 Mexico, and the city was the center of large 

 mining industries; the silver mines are not 

 yet exhausted. When not torn by revolutions 

 the city supports prosperous textile, iron and 

 other industries. Compared with some other 



Mexican cities, it is well laid out, clean, health- 

 ful and well supplied with water by a fine 

 aqueduct built in the seventeenth century. 

 One of its chief features is a fine cathedral, 

 completed in 1789. Chihuahua was founded by 

 the Spaniards in 1539. In the eighteenth cen- 

 tury its population was 70,000; now it is about 

 40,000. In the latter part of 1916 it was the 

 scene of desperate fighting between the force* 

 of Villa and of Carranza. The former attacked 

 the city repeatedly and finally succeeded in 

 capturing it, but evacuated it the next day. 

 Later, he held it again for a short time. 



CHILBLAIN, chil'blane, a stinging, burning, 

 itching inflammation appearing in cold weather, 

 usually on the feet, but sometimes on the face 

 or hands. It is not frostbite, as very generally 

 believed, but is caused by too sudden changes 

 of temperature when the circulation of blood 

 is poor. Because tight shoes prevent the warm 

 blood from reaching the ends of the toes, the 

 tender skin, sometimes moist, cannot then well 

 resist the shock of sudden change to heat or 

 cold, and soreness results. Application of tinc- 

 ture of iodine, ichthyol or tincture of camphor 

 will bring relief. Then with plenty of outdoor 

 exercise and frequent changing of stockings, a 

 cure will be effected. Keeping the feet dry and 

 warm and wearing roomy shoes will prevent 

 chilblains. W.A.K. 



HILD, THE. Parents of the twentieth 

 century take better care of their children than 

 did the -parents of preceding generations, 

 simply because they know better how to do it. 

 The rearing of children, together with every 

 other field of human endeavor, has been in- 

 vaded by the scientific spirit. By studying) 

 children Individually and in groups, statistics 

 and tables have been gathered which enable 

 us to know with some accuracy what we have 

 a right to expect of the average child and how 

 to go about to secure it. The facts so far 

 assembled are not final, by any means; as more 

 children are studied, modifications and changes 

 are bound to be made. But the account of 



the development of the child which follows 

 represents some of the knowledge which u now 

 at hand. 



The Development of the Child. In the be- 

 ginning the human body consists of a single 

 cell. When this cell begins to grow it divide* 

 into two cells; each of these divides in it* 

 turn into two more, and so on, until that ever- 

 new man-el, a tiny human being, is formed. 

 By weighing and measuring hundreds of thou- 

 sands of babies it baa been found that the 

 average baby boy, at birth, weighs about 73 

 pounds; the average baby girl, 7.1 pound*. 

 The boy baby should be about 19.68 incbe* 

 tall ; the girl baby, L9.48 inches. In cut month* 



