CHILE 



1331 



CHILE 



the school. Here the leading characteristics of 

 each child are strongly brought out in his 

 association with other children and in his 

 attitude towards his work. One child is quick, 

 nervous, very sensitive and easily irritated; 

 another is slow, phlegmatic and apparently not 

 disturbed by anything. Somewhere between 

 these extremes we may classify the other 

 pupils, some leaning towards the nervous type 

 and others towards the phlegmatic. Those 

 pupils in whom these characteristics most nearly 

 balance will do their work with the least fatigue 

 and with the least attention from the teacher. 

 The tendency of the nervous child is to inten- 

 sity of application and overwork. He needs 

 constant oversight and frequently a caution 

 against overwork. On the other hand, the slow 

 child needs frequent encouragement, but over 

 him the teacher should not become discour- 

 aged. His condition is due to physiological 

 causes, and within due time, to use a familiar 

 figure, the tortoise may overtake the hare, with 

 more than a fair prospect of winning the race. 



Work of the Specialists. Advanced child 

 study must be left to experts who are specially 

 trained for it and who have well-equipped 

 laboratories at their disposal. The work of 

 these specialists is of the greatest value. They 

 have made many discoveries and collected and 

 classified facts upon which others can rely 

 for guidance. Their works will be found help- 



ful to anyone interested in child study. Many 

 of the theories they have set forth and the 

 questions they have raised form suitable topics 

 for discussion at mothers' meetings and the 

 meetings of parent-teacher associations. 



History. Children have been studied, 

 trained and educated in all ages and by all 

 peoples, but it is only within the last century 

 that child study has received the attention of 

 eminent educators and been carried on in a 

 scientific manner. Since 1880 child study has 

 become widely extended and now includes 

 within its scope all subjects pertaining directly 

 to the welfare and the development of the 

 child. In the higher institutions, however, 

 some of these subjects have been classified 

 under psychology and others are considered 

 under experimental pedagogy. W.F.R. 



Consult Fisher's Mothers and Children; Hall's 

 Youth; Puffer's The Boy and His Gang ; Holmes' 

 Backward Children; Lee's Play in Education; 

 Kirkpatrick's Fundamentals of Child-Study ; 

 Healy's Honesty; O'Shea's Social Development 

 and Education; McKeever's Farm Boys and 

 Girls. 



Related Subjects. In addition to the articles 

 listed in the "related subjects" index under 

 CHILD, the following articles may well be con- 

 sulted in this connection : 



Adolescence Parent-Teacher Associa- 



Child, The tions 



Juvenile Court Women's Clubs 



Natural Education 



(Subtitle under EDUCATION) 



where the laws are made 



HILE, che'lay, or CHILI, chil'i, a 

 progressive republic in South America, extend- 

 ing ribbonlike along the Pacific coast for 2,700 

 miles. Its average width is but eighty-seven 

 miles. If placed on the map of North America, 

 this country (about thirty times as long as it 

 is wide, and therefore sometimes called the 

 shoestring republic) would stretch from Hudson 

 Bay to about 200 miles south of Cuba. It is 

 divided into twenty-three provinces and one 

 territory, and has an area of 292,575 square 

 miles, this being equal to that of Texas and 

 half of Oklahoma. It had in 1912 a population 

 of 3,505,317, which is about ten times that of 



the province of Alberta, Canada, though Chile 

 is but little larger. Among South American 

 countries, Chile ranks fourth in population, 

 fifth in density of population, and seventh in 

 area. On the north is Peru; on the northeast 

 and east are Bolivia and Argentina; the Pacific 

 Ocean washes the western shore; a large part 

 of Tierra del Fuego (the Land of Fire) and 

 the famous Island of Cape Horn constitute the 

 southern extremity of Chile, which is projected 

 a thousand miles farther south than the south- 

 ern point of Africa. 



The name Chile is Indian, but its origin is 

 disputed. It was probably derived from an 



