CHURCH OF ENGLAND 



1375 



CHURN 



Catholic doctrines, renounced his allegiance to 

 the reigning Pope, Clement VII, when the lat- 

 ter refused to sanction his divorce of the 

 queen, Catharine of Aragon. Parliament sus- 

 tained the king by passing the Act of Su- 

 premacy in 1534, which declared Henry to be 

 the supreme head of the Church, and made 

 that organization legally independent of the 

 Pope. A few years before this Martin Luther, 

 in Germany, had started the revolt against 

 the Roman Catholic Church known as the 

 Reformation, and his ideas had begun to find 

 favor with a large number of the English 

 people. Protestantism, however, was not es- 

 tablished without a severe struggle that lasted 

 through the reigns of Edward VI, Mary and 

 Elizabeth. In the Elizabethan period the Eng- 

 lish Church was definitely and forever sepa- 

 rated from the Church of Rome, and the 

 Thirty-nine Articles of Religion were put in 

 their present form. 



The Church of England claims to teach and 

 uphold the doctrines of the Apostles, and to be 

 a branch of the one universal Church of Christ. 

 Its doctrines are stated in the Thirty-nine 

 Articles, the Book of Common Prayer and the 

 books of homilies. The Church has possession 

 of the edifices, lands and other property 

 granted it in former times, and is protected 

 by law in the possession of these endowments. 

 In civil matters it is under the jurisdiction of 

 Parliament. Convocations of the clergy are 

 called for the discussion of religious matters, 

 and these often exercise considerable influence. 

 A wide range of belief in matters of doctrine 

 and forms of worship prevails at the present 

 time in the Church, which is divided into three 

 groups the High Church, Low Church and 

 Broad Church parties. The first group repre- 

 sents those who are nearest the Roman Catho- 

 lic Church in doctrine and ritual; the second 

 group, those who favor greater simplicity and 

 are, in general, opposed to that which savors 

 of the Roman worship; the third comprises 

 those who are between the two extremes. 



In regard to organization, the country is 

 divided into two provinces, Canterbury and 

 York. These are governed by archbishops, the 

 Archbishop of Canterbury having jurisdiction 

 over England as a whole. The provinces are 

 divided into dioceses, over which are bishops. 

 Next to the bishops in order of rank are the 

 archdeacons and deacons, followed by canons, 

 prebendaries, rectors, vicars and curates. The 

 English clergy are supported neither by the 

 State nor entirely by voluntary . contributions 



of the Church members, but chiefly by endow- 

 ments and bequests given by persons of means 

 and liberality. The Church is exceedingly 

 active in both foreign and home missionary 

 work, the latter including service among sol- 

 diers, sailors, friendless boys and girls, and 

 countless unfortunate and destitute persons. 



The organization in the United States which 

 most nearly corresponds to the Church of 

 England is known as the Episcopal Church. 



Related Subjects. A broader understanding 

 of the history of the Church of England will 



result from reading the following articles in 

 these volumes : 



Archbishop Catharine of Aragon 



Articles, The Thirty- Episcopal Church 



nine Reformation 



Augustine, Saint Supremacy, Royal 



Canterbury York 



CHURN, a closed vessel in which butter is 

 made. The kind of churn most familiar to 

 older persons is the one yet used in many farm 

 homes and small dairies. It is a wooden cylin- 

 der, tapering toward the top, where it is fitted 

 with a cover. For agitating the cream a 

 wooden dasher, attached to a vertical handle, 

 is used; in the dasher there are a number of 

 small holes. The handle passes through the 

 cover and when it is moved up and down in 

 the cream the dasher causes the particles of 

 fat to separate and gather into lumps. 



More modern churns are made in barrel 

 form and are operated by a crank and given 

 a rotary motion, which throws the butter on 

 the sides of the barrel, from which it is easily 

 removed. The establishment of creameries 

 where steam 

 power is used has 

 made a great 

 change in the 

 size and kinds of 

 churns used. 

 One of these big 

 churns combines 

 the features of 

 churn and butter- 

 maker, the but- 

 ter being at least 

 partly worked 

 after the butter- 

 milk is drawn off. 

 A device beginning to be much used is the 

 churn and cream-separator combined, the sweet 

 cream being churned as soon as separated. In 

 order to produce well-flavored butter, churns 

 should always be made of hard, well-seasoned 

 wood, as soft woods impart a disagreeable taste. 



MODERN SMALL CHURN 



