CIDER 



1378 



CIGARETTE 



during which he assailed many a neighboring 

 fortress, he died of grief on learning of the 

 defeat of an army which he had sent against 

 his Moorish enemies. 



The Cid of romance and song, the type of 

 all the manly virtues, is quite a different person 

 from the adventurous Rodrigo of history. The 

 greatest of the early literary works which 

 celebrate his exploits is The Poem of the Cid, 

 written about 1200, one of the best epics of 

 medieval times. Nearly 200 ballads and in- 

 numerable stories and dramas have also been 

 founded on legends concerning him, and he is 

 the hero of a famous tragedy, The Cid, by the 

 French dramatist Corneille. 



CIDER, si'der, commonly the sweet or fer- 

 mented juice of apples, although sometimes 

 made of pears or of oranges. Late apples pro- 

 duce the best cider, and red ones are better 

 than the green or yellow. The apples are 

 crushed until reduced to a pulp. The juice is 

 run into casks or barrels, and exposed to the 

 air until it ferments, and a clear amber or 

 light brown liquor, or "hard cider," is produced. 

 If sweet cider is boiled and bottled it will 

 keep fresh a long time. Sweet cider contains 

 no alcohol and is therefore not intoxicating. 

 But the longer it stands in the barrel the more 

 it will ferment and the more alcohol will be 

 produced. The accumulation of alcohol in 

 "hard" cider makes it very intoxicating. It 

 may contain as much as eight per cent of 

 alcohol as much as a strong wine. Cider 

 brandy, or applejack, is distilled from fer- 

 mented cider. Apple butter is made by stewing 

 apples in fresh cider. Cider vinegar is made 

 by allowing cider to remain exposed to the 

 air until the alcohol is changed into acetic 

 acid (see VINEGAR; ACETIC ACID). 



The greatest cider-producing country in the 

 world is France. In the United States 1,500,000 

 to 2,000,000 barrels of it are produced each 

 year, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and In- 

 diana pressing the greatest quantities. The 

 industry is also important in England and 

 Germany. J.F.S. 



CIENFUEGOS, syenfway'gose, one of the 

 most progressive cities of Cuba, overlooking 

 the Bay of Jagua, on the south coast of the 

 island, in the province of Santa Clara, 130 miles 

 southeast of Havana. It is the fourth com- 

 mercial port of Cuba and an important center 

 of the trade in sugar, wax and timber exports, 

 in value over $5,000,000 annually. During the 

 Spanish-American War the harbor was block- 

 aded by Admiral Schley. The climate in win- 



ter is very agreeable, but the summer is by 

 no means healthful, the temperature for days 

 at a time being above 98 F. The total pop- 

 ulation is about 70,416, of whom only 20,000 

 are white. 



CIGAR, sigahr'. See TOBACCO. 



CIGARETTE, sigaret', a small, pencil- 

 shaped roll of tobacco in a covering of paper, 

 used for smoking. By many authorities cig- 

 arette-smoking is regarded as the most in- 

 jurious form in which tobacco can be employed, 

 and it is particularly harmful to young persons. 

 The smoke in the mouth mixes with the 

 saliva, to which it imparts certain poisonous 

 properties arising from combustion of paper 

 and tobacco, which prevent the natural as- 

 similation of food. Nervousness, loss of sleep 

 and often serious affections of the heart and 

 throat and disorders of the stomach are among 

 the evil results of excessive cigarette smoking. 

 Whether or not the phrase is correctly applied, 

 there is at any rate a very general tendency 

 among the enemies of cigarettes to call them 

 "coffin-nails." 



During recent years a strong crusade has 

 been conducted against cigarette smoking, and 

 free medical advice is given to those who 

 suffer from its effects. Two kinds of treatment 

 endorsed by the Anti-Cigarette League of 

 America are given below: 



(a) Six ounces of silver nitrate solution (one- 

 fourth of one per cent). Use as a mouth wash 

 after every meal, for one week, if necessary. Do 

 not swallow any of the solution. Keep it in a 

 colored bottle. The cost should not exceed 

 twenty-five cents. 



(b) Gentian root (not the powder) should be 

 chewed between meals. It is slightly tonic, is 

 an aid to digestion and may be used for several 

 weeks without injury. 



The diet for the first two weeks consists ex- 

 clusively of fruits, well-baked cereal foods and 

 milk. The best cereal foods are Shredded Wheat 

 Biscuits, Corn Flakes, Puffed Rice, Puffed Wheat, 

 etc., used with cream and milk. Whole wheat 

 or rya bread, etc., may also be used. The mod- 

 erate use of nuts, well masticated, is of value. 

 Eggs and cottage cheese may also be used. At 

 the close of each meal use fresh sub-acid fruits, 

 as peaches, pears, apples, pineapples, etc. Sweet 

 milk, buttermilk, or salted milk may be used in 

 place of tea or coffee. 



While irritating and stimulating foods and 

 drinks intensify the craving for tobacco, a grain, 

 milk and fruit diet lessens it. In some special 

 cases an entire milk diet for a few days may be 

 beneficial ; especially if there exists an irritable 

 stomach bordering on ulceration, with an excess 

 of hydrochloric acid. Where the digestion is 

 slow, and there is a deficiency or absence of free 

 hydrochloric acid, a diet composed entirely of 

 fresh fruits for a day or two preceding the 

 grain, fruit and milk diet may be of benefit. 



