CITRUS 



1392 



CITY 



that is used for pickles and preserves, and is 

 used by California fruit growers to include 

 lemons, oranges and the like. 



CIT'RUS, a commercially important genus 

 of fruit-bearing trees and shrubs, mostly spiny 

 or thorny, including the orange, citron, lemon, 

 lime, grapefruit, bergamot and others, all of 

 which are described in these volumes under 

 their common names. Citrus trees are natives 

 of India and other warm parts of Asia, but 

 most of them are now cultivated in other parts 

 of the world, especially for their fruit. Citrus 

 plants have rather long, pointed leaves or leaf- 

 lets, united by a distinct joint to the leaflike 

 stalk. They all bear pulpy fruits, with spongy 

 rinds, and are valued as dessert, for preserves 

 or for cooling drinks. The leaves, the rind of 

 the fruit and the flowers all contain valuable 

 volatile (easily evaporated) oils. 



CITY, a unit of local government, distin- 

 guished from a town or village usually by 

 greater population and by greater powers of 



1910 

 1900 

 1890 

 I860 

 1870 

 I860 



25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 



U77/A United States 

 Canada 



1840 za 

 1630 a 

 1620 3 

 1810 

 1800 h 

 17906 



GROWTH OF CITIES 



The number of cities in the United States and 

 Canada having each over 25,000 population in 

 the years named. The dates given, however, 

 are for the United States ; the Canadian census 

 is always one year later. 



local self-government. If a child is called on 

 to define a city he will probably say that it 

 consists of a lot of people living close to each 

 other, whereas in the country people live 

 farther apart, for the child does not, of himself, 

 realize that it is the difference in government 

 that makes the real distinction. 



The Development of a City. Occasionally a 

 city springs into existence almost full grown. 

 Thus Gary, Ind., had few of the transition 

 stages which mark the growth of most cities; 

 its founders knew that it was to become a busy 

 manufacturing town, and they made their plans 

 to that end from the beginning. -But in most 

 cases the process is more gradual, and some- 

 thing like this takes place: 



In any district certain roads are bound to 



be more traveled than others. In time some 

 enterprising blacksmith sets up a shop at the 

 point where two of these busy roads cross, and 

 his success is so evident that a general store- 

 keeper soon follows his example. Then per- 

 haps a doctor chooses that location for his 

 office and home, or a carpenter settles there. 

 Slowly the little community grows, each new 

 business or residence attracting others, but 

 still the people are a part of the township, 

 with no special needs and no special public 

 expenses. 



Finally the settlement is large enough to 

 feel the need of a school. Better roads and 

 sidewalks are necessities if there is to be any 

 social life, and there must also be street lights, 

 and some better way of obtaining water than 

 from wells. When the inhabitants of the little 

 community bring such matters before the town- 

 ship authorities they meet with instant rebuff: 

 why should the people living miles from this 

 corner settlement let themselves be taxed to 

 confer benefits on these favored few? In 

 other words, if the settlement wants these 

 improvements it must pay for them. Under 

 the laws of most states and provinces such a 

 community may be incorporated as a village. 

 Then it may elect its own officers, raise its 

 own funds and establish its own laws, provided 

 it does not overstep those of any higher 

 authority. From this time on the change is 

 one of degree only the village becomes a city 

 and must have a new charter, but its purposes 

 and methods are those of the old village on a 

 larger scale. 



The number of people who may incorporate 

 as a city varies in each state and province, but 

 the minimum is usually 1,000, though some- 

 times it is as high as 5,000. Villages contain- 

 ing the required number of inhabitants usually 

 make the change because larger powers are 

 granted by the state or province to borrow 

 money for pavements, sewers, street lighting 

 and other public works, and also because the 

 usual division of a city into wards is thought 

 to give all portions of a community a fair 

 share in the government. A third reason is 

 that every community is eager to proclaim its 

 growth. A village ordinarily becomes a city 

 by adopting a city charter (which see). In 

 most states and provinces the legislature has 

 passed an act stating uniform requirements for 

 the incorporation of cities, but in a few it 

 must consider separately each application for 

 a charter. It is noteworthy that the city or 

 ward system is not favored by all, as is shown 



