CIVILIZATION 



1400 



CIVILIZATION 



care they gave to their animal pets was repaid 

 in times of famine by milk or meat. 



Middle Barbarism. In this period we find a 

 more extended practice of agriculture, carried 

 on not merely by the women but by men who 

 were captured in warfare. In many places it 

 was found that the grass-eating animals, when 

 protected from enemies, multiplied very rap- 

 idly; so men as well as women took up the 

 work of domesticating animals, and they soon 

 had large flocks and herds. Man thus learned 

 to be more sympathetic toward the grass-eating 

 animals and toward the people of his clan, but 

 he still regarded strangers as enemies and 



ruling classes lived, protected by stockades or 

 walls, while slaves and serfs lived outside and 

 cultivated the land. The Homeric Greeks, the 

 early Italian tribes, the Germans of the time 

 of Tacitus and the Norsemen of the Viking 

 age are examples of higher barbarian culture. 

 Lower Civilization. The discoveries and in- 

 ventions of savagery and barbarism were worth 

 so much to succeeding ages that the wise men 

 and women who made these discoveries were 

 deified as gods. It was not easy to hand down 

 exact knowledge in the early ages. Stories 

 were likely to be changed, and the picture writ- 

 ing of the savage and the hieroglyphics of the 



I Very High 



ry Low 



THE DEGREE OF CIVILIZATION TO-DAY 



Darkest region shows most advanced stage of the sciences and highest conventional develop- 

 ment of the arts. 



enjoyed nothing better than making a raid on 

 neighboring tribes and driving away their flocks. 



It was during this period that animals were 

 first used for carrying burdens and also as draft 

 animals; and as life became more settled bet- 

 ter dwellings were erected, adobe brick coming 

 into use at this time (see ADOBE). 



Higher Barbarism. The discovery of how 

 to smelt iron ore and fashion it into tools and 

 weapons is the great discovery which charac- 

 terizes the period of upper barbarism. The 

 use of iron made it possible for people to have 

 better tools and weapons and to progress at a 

 far more rapid rate than before. Forests could 

 be cleared with the iron ax, and many forests 

 were soon transformed into arable land and 

 meadows. With the division of labor and de- 

 velopment of trade, cities grew up. Here the 



barbarian were clumsy ways of preserving rec- 

 ords. With the invention of the alphabet 

 knowledge was more easily preserved. This 

 invention has been made the dividing line 

 between barbarism and civilization. Lower 

 civilization covers a period extending from 

 4000 to 5000 B. c. to the fifteenth century A. D. 

 Ancient Egypt, Babylonia, Phoenicia, Car- 

 thage, Greece and Rome are examples of this 

 stage of culture. In these countries labor was 

 performed by slaves. The ruling classes looked 

 down upon the slaves and upon slave labor. 

 Progress was made by the upper classes in the 

 arts and sciences, but no one applied this 

 knowledge to the work by slaves. 



Ancient civilizations were in constant fear 

 either of uprisings on the part of the slaves 

 and serfs or of being overrun by barbarian 



