CIVILIZATION 



1401 



CIVIL LIST 



hordes. The invention of gunpowder wrought 

 such a change in warfare that it marks the 

 advance to middle civilization. The use of 

 gunpowder enabled civilized peoples to protect 

 themselves from barbarian hordes from with- 

 out; and with the freeing of the slaves it 

 enabled the masses of the people to protect 

 themselves from the oppression of the ruling 

 classes who lived in fortified castles or behind 

 city walls. 



Middle Civilization. While the use of gun- 

 powder was "leveling down" the power of the 

 mighty, the invention of printing was "leveling 

 up" the intelligence of the people. The dense 

 ignorance which had characterized the masses 

 of the people began to disappear. Printing 

 was a tremendous power in removing ignorance 

 and prejudice. It began to draw people to- 

 gether and to arouse a desire for knowledge 

 of other peoples and other lands. The mari- 

 ner's compass in the hands of Columbus, who 

 had learned from the Greeks that the earth 

 was a sphere, made it possible for that brave 

 man to locate the New World. A little later 

 the bold Copernicus (which see) opened up a 

 new world of knowledge. For the Copernican 

 theory gave a satisfactory explanation of much 

 that had hitherto been unknown. "The cause 

 of day and night, of climate, seasons, of the 

 earth's velocity, weight, size and shape, of 

 latitude, longitude, the eclipses, the moon's 

 phases, the exact length of the solar year, to- 

 gether with those wonderfully-minute calcu- 

 lations tabulated in our almanacs and text- 

 books on astronomy" these were no longer 

 mysteries. 



Middle civilization began in the fifteenth 

 century and was brought to a close during the 

 last years of the eighteenth by the application 

 of steam power and machinery to the manu- 

 facture of cotton cloth. Fire told its secret to 

 Watt, and Watt gave the world the steam en- 

 gine. 



Higher Civilization. Modern civilization has 

 witnessed the triumph of mind over matter. 

 Material obstacles which have so long sepa- 

 rated men have been overcome. The task of 

 this age is to - remove the mental qualities 

 which separate men. Fear, envy, jealousy, 

 greed and hate are among the "wild beasts" of 

 to-day. And just as the savage set himself 

 to the task of waging warfare upon the sabre- 

 toothed cat and other dangerous beasts, so 

 many people to-day are setting themselves to 

 the task of destroying the mental "beasts of 

 prey." This is a warfare in which every girl 



and boy may take part; for every girl and 

 every boy can refuse to entertain these "wild 

 beasts," and thus let them die of starvation. 

 In this way every girl and boy can have a good 

 part in the story of civilization. K.E.D. 



CIVIL LAW, the name usually given the 

 code of laws compiled by the Roman Em- 

 peror Justinian (which see), in A. D. 530, and 

 later forming the foundation of the laws of 

 all the countries of Europe except England. 

 Civil law includes both public and private law, 

 and in Europe the term is now used to include 

 all laws relating to the private rights of citi- 

 zens as well as the laws regulating the powers 

 of the state. Civil law, from the Latin, civis, 

 meaning citizen, does not deal with crime; that 

 lies wholly within the province of criminal law. 

 It comprises the laws which govern a man in 

 his relations with his fellow man in civil life. 

 When to break a law affects only the persons 

 directly concerned, civil laws are invoked; 

 when a crime menaces the right to life and 

 protection it is prosecuted under the criminal 

 code. To illustrate: Should A buy a horse of 

 B for $150 and later discover the horse to be 

 blind, when B had represented him as "sound," 

 A might sue B for damages under the civil 

 law; but should C break into A's barn and 

 steal the horse A would have him prosecuted 

 under criminal law. See COMMON LAW; 

 EQUITY; LAW. 



CIVIL LIST, that part of a country's reve- 

 nue appropriated annually by the government 

 for the private use of its heads, either as sal- 

 aries or as salaries and for official uses. In 

 republics it covers the salaries and expenses of 

 the President and civil officers; in other coun- 

 tries it is a sum set aside for the king, queen 

 or emperor and the royal households. The 

 term originated in Great Britain, where orig- 

 inally it covered the support of all civil officers 

 such as judges, ambassadors, secretaries, etc., 

 as well as the royal household, but the Civil 

 List Act of 1901 excluded everything but sal- 

 aries and expenses for maintaining the dig- 

 nity of the Crown. The following salary list 

 will show interesting comparisons, but it should 

 be remembered that in most cases, even when 

 not mentioned, the rulers receive an additional 

 allowance for expenses which are necessary to 

 the proper performances of their duties, but are 

 not strictly official: 



Argentina, President $ 24,000 



Austria-Hungary, Emperor 4,567,000 



Bavaria, King 1,296,303 



Chile, President 6,559 



France, President 115,800 



