CLEMENS 



1416 



CLEMENT 



When the War of Secession broke out navi- 

 gation on the Mississippi practically ceased, 

 and Clemens joined a company of Southern 

 sympathizers who had volunteered in the Con- 

 federate ranks, but he saw no actual service. 

 In Nevada, whither he went with his brother 

 after the war, and later in San Francisco, he 

 worked as a reporter, and readers of the papers 

 for which he wrote had glimpses of his delight- 

 ful humor, which consisted largely in treating 

 with absolute seriousness gross exaggerations. 

 For a time he was interested in mining, then 

 he took a trip to the Sandwich Islands (now 

 Hawaiian Islands), and after his return in 

 1866 he gradually acquired a reputation as a 

 writer and lecturer. The Jumping Frog of 

 Calaveras County and Innocents Abroad, the 

 latter an account, exquisitely funny in places, 

 of a trip through Egypt and the Holy Land, 

 won him a more than local reputation and 

 made him prosperous. He married in 1871, 

 and in the same year gave up the editorship 

 of the Buffalo Express, which he had held for 

 two years, and removed to Hartford, Conn. 

 There he lived the rest of his life, with the 



HIS BIRTHPLACE 



Prom a photograph taken several years be- 

 fore his death, on the occasion of a visit "back 

 home." 



exception of the ten years from 1889 to 1899, 

 which were spent in Europe. A New York 

 publishing house in which he was interested 

 failed in 1894, leaving him with a burden of 

 debt, which was entirely paid off, however, by 

 the proceeds of his 1895-1896 lecture tour 

 around the world. 



In addition to the famous works mentioned 

 above, he wrote A Connecticut Yankee at King 

 Arthur's Court,'* study in contrasts between 



the romantic age of chivalry and the shrewd 

 and progressive nineteenth century in New 

 England; Pudd'nhead Wilson, a serious study 

 of life in a little Missouri town, with some 

 excellent character drawing; The Prince and 

 the Pauper, a fantastic tale of what happened 

 when Prince Edward of England changed 

 positions with a beggar boy; Recollections of 

 Joan of Arc, and other works. He wrote some 

 things which were not intended to be funny, 

 but the public insisted on looking for humor 

 in everything that came from his pen. He 

 himself was far from being the typical "funny 

 man," but took a deep interest in serious ques- 

 tions, social and political, and was of a some- 

 what melancholy temperament. A.MC c. 



Consult Howells" My Mark Twain; Paine's 

 Mark Twain: a Biography. 



CLEMENT, klem'ent, the name of fourteen 

 Popes, of whom the fifth and sixth were 

 Frenchmen and resided at Avignon. Of most 

 importance historically were Clement I, Clem- 

 ent VII, Clement VIII and Clement XIV. 



Clement I, commonly known as Clement of 

 Rome, lived in the first century A. D., and is 

 supposed to have been the third bishop of 

 Rome after Saint Peter. The early Christians 

 felt a reverence for him second only to that 

 in which the twelve Apostles were held, and 

 his Epistle to the Corinthians is an important 

 source of early Church history. For a time 

 this letter ranked as a part of the Scriptures. 



Clement VII, Pope from 1523 to 1534, was 

 of the famous Medici family (see MEDICI). 

 His reign fell during the troubled days of the 

 early Reformation, and his vacillating char- 

 acter led him to take sides with one party 

 after another until all lost faith in him. The 

 troops of Emperor Charles V sacked Rome in 

 1527; the Pope was for a time held prisoner 

 in one of his own castles, but was later recon- 

 ciled to the emperor, whom he urged to take 

 severe measures against the Protestants. Clem- 

 ent's refusal to grant the divorce of Henry 

 VIII of England from Catharine lost England 

 to the Church of Rome (see CATHARINE OF 

 ARAGON; HENRY VIII). 



Clement VIII, Pope from 1592 to 1605, was 

 a lover of learning, as was shown by his 

 favors to scholars and the revisions of the Vul- 

 gate, the breviary and the liturgical books 

 which he caused to be made; a man of sincere 

 piety, as his daily confessions bear witness; 

 and an apostle of peace rather than war, for 

 he led in the mediations which resulted in 

 the Peace of Vervins between France and 



