CODLING MOTH 



1400 



CODRUS 



of code l>\ i-inploying the third l.it.r ali-;i.l 

 ,,f the one !i- wished to indicate. Thus in-t- "I 

 l( f writing a he would write (/, instead of m 

 he would write p, and so on. In using the word 

 man, for instance, he would write it pdq. 

 References to code writing only to be under- 

 -tood by the initiated appear frequently in the 

 Kilili- Jeremiah, referring to Babylon, wrote 

 tl.f word thfahah; instead of using tlie -.vuinl 

 ami twelfth letters from the beginning of the 

 H.l.rew alphabet he wrote the second and 

 twelfth from the end. 



Charles I constantly employed a code in 

 writing to his adherents, and numbers of his 

 letters fell into the hands of his enemies at 

 the Battle of Naseby. At the present time 

 codes are largely used in diplomatic circles and 

 in business, when it is desired to keep transac- 

 tions secret or to make one word stand for 

 several in order to save expense in telegraphing 

 or cabling. The great telegraph companies 

 have compiled codes, and copies of these in 

 book form are placed at the disposal of any 

 user of their service. 



COD 'LING MOTH, the little gray-brown 

 moth-parent of the pinkish-white apple worm, 

 which costs the fruit-growers of America ab'out 

 $10.000.000 a year. Seeing one of these moths 

 in the sunshine, with wings sending forth lovely 



LARVA OP 



CODLING 



MOTH 



golden glints, a person finds it difficult to 

 realize that this attractive creature actually 

 produces the creepy worm found in the heart 

 of an apple, or that such a seemingly harmless 

 insect could ruin the apple crop. 



The mother moth flits from flower to flower 

 on the apple tree and leaves a tiny yellow egg 

 in the calyx of each. Later, when the flower 

 has fallen and the tiny apple has started to 

 grow, the grub comes forth and eats its way 

 to the inside. When the larva (young) is fully 

 grown it bores through the apple, which has by 

 that time perhaps fallen to the ground. It 

 finds a sheltered place and spins its cocoon. 

 Usually the moth appears a few weeks later, 

 and a second brood of grubs attacks the late 

 crop of apples. 



The best remedy for this destructive pest is 

 a thorough spraying with some solution of 

 arsenic, preferably arsenate of lead with lime- 

 sulphur, just after the blossoms have fallen, and 



HOW THE APPLE IS DESTROYED 



again about three weeks later. Fallen apples 

 should also be destroyed to kill the larvae, and 

 the orchard should be kept clear of rubbish 

 which may hold cocoons. 



COD-LIVER OIL, a substance obtained from 

 the livers of the cod and allied fishes. It is 

 used for two purposes medicinally and for 

 tanning leather. Until recent years it was pro- 

 duced by putting the fish livers into barrels and 

 letting them putrefy, when the oil which rose 

 to the surface was skimmed off. This was of 

 two qualities the "pale" oil and the "light 

 brown" oil; these are the oils used in phar- 

 macy. The residue was boiled and the ill- 

 smelling black product was the "brown" oil 

 of commerce. At the present time these oils 

 are made from clean, fresh livers by a sanitary 

 steam process, though the product is not much 

 improved in taste. Cod-liver oil has medicinal 

 properties; for many years it has been a 

 favorite home remedy in all wasting diseases, 

 especially pulmonary consumption, though it 

 is really not more nourishing than cream and 

 many other fats. Norway produces the finest 

 oil, but it is also prepared in the United States, 

 Canada and Russia. See COD. 



CODRUS, kod'rus, in the legends of ancient 

 Greece, the last king of Athens. When the 

 Dorians invaded Attica Codrus was told by 

 an oracle that his country would be saved if 

 the Athenian king were struck down by the 

 hand of the enemy. He therefore entered the 

 Dorian camp disguised as a peasant, and, pro- 

 voking a quarrel, was slain. The enemy then 

 withdrew, and the grateful Athenians, esteem- 

 ing no one worthy to succeed their king who 



