COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 



1473 



COLLEGE 



the tendency of the times was treachery, mur- 

 der and selfish ambition. He was born at 

 Chatillon-sur-Loing. At the age of twenty-two 

 he was introduced at court. He won distinction 

 in the wars of Francis I and Henry II, and in 

 1552 was made admiral of France. As com- 

 mander-in-chief of the Huguenots after the 

 death of Conde, he exerted every effort in the 

 cause of his religion. Through his influence 

 with King Charles IX he aroused the jealousy 

 of Catherine de' Medici; it was she who urged 

 the massacre of the Huguenots on Saint Bar- 

 tholomew's Day, and Coligny was the first one 

 put to death. See SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY, 

 MASSACRE OF ; HUGUENOTS. 



COLLECT 'IVE BARGAINING, the system 

 under which employers deal with their work- 

 men as a single body instead of with each 

 individually. Collective bargaining is recog- 



nized as one of the most important functions of 

 a trade union, and through it organized labor 

 has achieved most of its success. The employer, 

 instead of negotiating with each of his em- 

 ployees, or determining wages and conditions 

 of work in a one-sided way, makes all arrange- 

 ments through the business agent, or walking 

 delegate, of a union. Collective bargaining, 

 however, is riot restricted to agreements with 

 unions, for any agreement between employees 

 or employers as groups falls under this head. 

 In the United States, in Canada, in England 

 and in most other civilized nations, collective 

 bargaining exists in the form of many local 

 trade agreements, and in a few cases there are 

 national agreements. The building trades are 

 perhaps the leaders in using this method. For 

 further details see LABOR ORGANIZATIONS; MIN- 

 IMUM WAGE; STRIKE. E.A.B. 



OLLEGE, a name which in the 

 United States and to some extent in Canada 

 has become 'confused with university, has in 

 reality a distinct meaning. 



In the United States. In the best usage the 

 word applies to an institution for higher educa- 

 tion which confines its instruction to the so- 

 called liberal arts, that is, science, mathematics, 

 history, literature, etc., giving its members a 

 general education but no special professional 

 or vocational training. Only those schools are 

 truly universities which maintain, in addition 

 to the liberal arts department, special depart- 

 ments for teaching some of the professions, 

 such as law, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, the- 

 ology, architecture, engineering and forestry, 

 or for research by students beyond that re- 

 quired for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 

 Bachelor of Science or their equivalents. Some 

 colleges, such as Tufts, which comprises schools 

 of divinity, medicine and dentistry, are entitled 

 to be termed universities, while others unjustly 

 claim this title. A college may be included 

 within a university, as at Harvard, Wisconsin 

 and the like, or it may exist as an independent 

 institution. 



The first college in America for higher educa- 

 93 



tion was Harvard College, founded in 1636. It 

 was followed in 1693 by William and Mary, by 

 Yale (1701), the College of New Jersey, now 

 Princeton University (1746), and King's Col- 

 lege, now Columbia University (1754). The 

 University of Pennsylvania was chartered in 

 1779 to succeed the college founded by Franklin 

 in 1753. 



In Canada. The Canadian use of the word 

 is sometimes similar to the use in the United 

 States. The tendency in recent years is for 

 Delated colleges to become units in a uni- 

 versity, but no regard is paid to geographical 

 location; McGill University of Montreal, for 

 instance, has colleges in Vancouver and Vic- 

 toria, B. C. Some Canadian schools of sec- 

 ondary education are called colleges, and the 

 term collegiate institute is sometimes used to 

 indicate a high school of the first rank. The 

 University of King's College at Windsor, N. S., 

 founded in 1790, was both the first Canadian 

 college of higher education and the first Cana- 

 dian university. Like most of the colleges of 

 the Dominion, it was completely controlled by 

 one religious denomination. 



In Europe. The name college is in Europe 

 employed only in accord with its historical 



