COLUMBIA 



1 l'.s 



COLUMBIA RIVER 



bia, Newberry and Laurens railroads. The 

 area of the city is over four square miles. 



Columbia is located in the Pine Barrens dis- 

 trict, on a bluff which rises 100 feet above the 

 river. It is a beautiful eity. with many shaded 

 streets 100 feet wide, and the principal streets 

 have parkways; four avenues radiating from 

 the eapitol are 150 feet wide. Twelve acres 

 are assigned to parks, the largest being Irwin 

 Park, and there are spacious grounds surround- 

 ing the eapitol. A number of monuments orna- 

 ment the city, the most striking being the 

 bronze Palmetto Tree. The imposing granite 

 statehouse was erected at a cost of $4,000.000, 

 and was modeled after the Capitol at Wash- 

 ington, D. C. Other state buildings of interest 

 are the governor's mansion, the South Caro- 

 lina insane asylum, the penitentiary and the 

 Soldiers' Home. The Federal building, in 

 course of erection in 1916, was given an appro- 

 priation of $335,000. Columbia adopted the 

 commission form of government in 1910. 



Education. For a city of its size, the educa- 

 tional advantages are above the ordinary. In 

 addition to its public school system, it has 

 Chicora College and Columbia College for 

 women, Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 

 Lutheran Theological Seminary, two colleges 

 for colored pupils, Benedict College and Allen 

 University, an Ursuline Convent and the Uni- 

 versity of South Carolina, which was founded 

 in 1805. There are also three business col- 

 leges. The Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. 

 also are represented. 



Industry and Commerce. The development 

 of Columbia's manufacturing interests has 

 been steady; the surrounding country is fer- 

 tile and rich in cotton, with forests of pine, 

 oak, walnut r.nd maple, and vast beds of kaolin 

 are also found in the vicinity. In 1892 there 

 was one cotton mill in the city, and now four 

 of the Whaley system of cotton mills are 

 located here, besides the Olympia, which claims 

 to be the largest in the world operating under 

 one roof. About 4,500 people are engaged in 

 the cotton industry. The Columbia Mills 

 Company produces more than 20,000 bales of 

 cotton duck annually. Besides this paramount 

 industry, there are hosiery works, cottonseed- 

 oil mills, fertilizer plants and extensive car- 

 machinery' and iron works. The Columbia 

 Canal furnishes abundant water power for 

 manufacturing, for lighting and for street rail- 

 ways, but the largest establishments are oper- 

 ated by electric power; a 25,000-horse-power 

 hydroelectric plant was completed in 1916. 



History. In 1700 the town was settled, and 

 it was made a city in 1786. It was chosen for 

 the capital in 1790, when the people of the 

 stale desired for the purpose a more central 

 location than Charleston. u.w.u. 



COLUMBIA RIVER, a large and important 

 river of the Northwestern United Stat< 

 Southwestern Canada, one of the greatest 

 salmon streams of the world and equally 

 famous because of the magnificent scenery 

 along its course. It is from 1,300 to 1,400 

 miles in length, and drains an area of about 

 259,000 square miles, about equal to that of 

 Texas. The Columbia River rises in the east- 

 ern chain of the Rocky Mountains of Brit- 

 ish Columbia and flows northwest for about 

 180 miles, through a famous hunting and trap- 

 ping region, until the Great Bend is reached; 

 then swinging about in a sharp curve it flows 

 southward into Washington. 



Just before it crosses the United States boun- 

 dary it is joined by the Pend Oreille River, or 

 Clarke's Fork. In Washington it follows a 

 winding course, flowing south until it is joined 

 by the Spokane River, then west, then south 

 again, and then southwest until it reaches the 

 Oregon boundary. Near the Oregon line, after 

 meeting its largest tributary, the Snake River, 

 it turns westward below the point of junction 

 and forms the boundary between Oregon and 

 Washington to the Pacific. 



Rapids and falls break up the Columbia into 

 several navigable stretches. One hundred 

 sixty miles from its mouth, where the river 

 crosses the Cascade Range, are the beautiful 

 rapids known as the Cascades, extending for 

 four and one-half miles through a narrow 

 gorge. Around the rapids the United States 

 government has built a canal, to enable ships 

 to continue the trip of fifty-three miles beyond, 

 to The Dalles, a series of falls and rapids 

 twelve miles in extent. In May, 1915, there 

 was opened for traffic a canal built around these 

 rapids, connecting The Dalles and Celilo, where 

 they end. From Celilo the river is navigable 

 to Priest Rapids, a distance of 198 miles, and 

 navigation is also possible on several shorter 

 stretches farther up stream. The Columbia 

 has a total navigable length of 756 miles. 



The river has the only deep-water harbor be- 

 tween San Francisco and Cape Flattery, on 

 the northwestern coast of Washington, and the 

 only fresh-water harbor on the Pacific. Though 

 the entrance to the harbor is obstructed by 

 sand bars, a great jetty has been constructed 

 which so increases the velocity of the current 



