COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 



1499 



COLUMBINE 



that the bars are swept free of sand, and deep- 

 sea vessels may pass into the harbor (see 

 JETTY). Vancouver, Wash., is situated on its 

 northern bank, just above its junction with 

 the Willamette, and Astoria, Ore., is at its 

 mouth. The river is an important route for 

 the commerce of these cities. C.H.H. 



COLUMBIA RIVER HIGHWAY. In 1856 the 

 first rough dirt wagon road was cut through the 

 wilderness in Oregon for six miles along the 

 Columbia River. Nothing better illustrates the 

 spirit of the West than the remarkable highway 

 developed from that pioneer slashing through 

 the woods. The Columbia River Highway is 

 one of the world's scenic roads, 60% miles in 

 length. It skirts the river over mountains, 

 winds sinuously around hills, lies along valleys, 

 runs through tunnels and trails along embank- 

 ments, and in every mile there has been an 

 effort to preserve for the traveler the natural 

 beauty of the region. On no part of the high- 

 way does the grade exceed five per cent a 

 notable engineering feat. 



The Highway extends west from Portland 

 through Astoria to Seaside, on the Pacific Ocean, 

 and east from Portland along three routes eight 

 miles to the Sandy River. From this point a 

 single road skirts the south shore of the Colum- 

 bia River to the Hood River County line. 

 Numerous bridges along the route are of con- 

 crete, some of them over 300 feet long ; one via- 

 duct is 880 feet in length. Within ten miles on 

 one part of the Highway are eleven waterfalls. 

 At certain points the road is 700 feet above the 

 river. The work of laying the road was begun 

 in 1913, and the Highway was opened in 1915. 



COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, one of the oldest 

 and most important universities in the United 

 States, located in New York City on Morning- 

 side Heights, overlooking Riverside Drive and 

 the Hudson River. No other American uni- 

 versity has so large an annual enrollment. 

 This great institution is the outgrowth of 

 King's College, the charter of which was 

 granted in 1754 by King George II. The first 

 class was graduated in 1758; the work has 

 continued without interruption since then, ex- 

 cept for a few years during the Revolution. 



When the institution was reopened in 1784, 

 at the close of the Revolutionary War, it was 

 called Columbia College, and in 1896 the 

 trustees changed the name to Columbia Uni- 

 versity, Columbia College being reserved for 

 the men's undergraduate department. In 

 1889 Barnard College (which see), an under- 

 graduate school for women, was established. 



The other departments are the professional 

 schools, comprising the school of law, the col- 

 lege of physicians and surgeons, the schools of 

 mining, engineering and chemistry, Teachers' 

 College, the faculty of fine arts, including archi- 

 tecture, music and design; the New York Col- 

 lege of Pharmacy; the non-professional gradu- 

 ate schools of political science, philosophy and 

 pure science, and the summer school. 



Women are admitted as professional students 

 to Teachers' College and to the College of 

 Pharmacy, as graduate students to the schools 

 of philosophy, pure science and political 

 science and to the summer school and exten- 

 sion department. 



There were in all the departments in 1916 

 over 900 instructors. The yearly number of 

 students exceeds 14,000. The value of the 

 university holdings is $50,000,000; the library 

 contains about 530,000 volumes. Over a thou- 

 sand students enlisted in the War of the Nations. 



COLUMBINE, kol'umbine, a favorite gar- 

 den and wild flower, and the state flower of 

 Colorado. Although native to Europe and 

 Asia, it is now found throughout the United 

 States and far into Canada, and is often, in 

 error, called horv- 

 eysuckle. The 

 leaves are round- 

 ed and notched. 

 The flowers, blue, 

 red, pink and 

 white, have five 

 cone-shaped pet- 

 als, in the round- 

 ed points of 

 which are stores 

 of nectar. Bees 

 of all kinds, but- 

 terflies, moths 

 and even hum- 

 ming birds come 

 to these dainty, 

 drooping flowers 

 to feast. When 

 these "honey- 

 cups" appear "on 

 the rifts of the 

 rock," we know 

 it is the begin- 

 ning of summer. Bronzed and molded by wind 



Lovers of the , . a P d sun - 



Maddening, gladdening, every 

 columbine have one, 



endeavored to With agypsy beauty full and 



make it the na- A health to the glorious col- 



. _ umbine. 



tional flower. GOODALB : Columbine. 



