COULOMB 



1612 



COUNTER-REFORMATION 



other causes. Coughing is a characteristic 

 symptom of such grave diseases as tuberculosis, 

 pleurisy, bronchitis and pneumonia. 



The remedy for coughing depends upon the 

 cause. When the cough is due to irritation 

 of the nerves the sufferer can often control it 

 by exercise of the will power. The victim 

 of a coughr is frequently helped by means of 

 steam inhalation or by breathing the fumes 

 arising from boiling water to which has been 

 added half a teaspoonful of compound tincture 

 of benzoin. Simple remedies for colds are hot 

 and cold sponging of the chest and the wearing 

 of a cold compress on the throat or chest. 



COULOMB, koo lorn' , the unit quantity of 

 electricity, it being the quantity of electricity 

 conveyed by a current of one ampere in one 

 second. See ELECTRICITY; AMPERE. 



COUN'CIL BLUFFS, IOWA, an important 

 manufacturing center and the county seat of 

 Pottawattamie County, situated in the south- 

 western part of the state, about two and one- 

 half miles east of the Missouri River. Omaha, 

 Neb., across the river, is connected with Coun- 

 cil Bluffs by railway and wagon bridges and 

 by electric lines. Des Moines, the state capi- 

 tal is about 125 miles northeast. Not many 

 cities in the United States have better railway 

 accommodations than those afforded Council 

 Bluffs by the Burlington Route; the Chicago 

 & North Western; Chicago Great Western; 

 Chicago, Milwaukee & Saint Paul; Chicago, 

 Rock Island & Pacific; Illinois Central; Union 

 Pacific, and Wabash railroads. Electric lines 

 connect with Lake Manawa, a summer resort 

 three miles distant, and with Fairmount and 

 other parks in the vicinity. The area of the 

 city is about eighteen square miles. The popu- 

 lation, composed of Americans, Swedes, Danes, 

 Germans, Greeks and Italians, increased from 

 29,292 in 1910 to 31,484 in 1916. 



Council Bluffs is located in a rich agricul- 

 tural region at the foot of high bluffs, which 

 command a beautiful view of the city and river. 

 On these bluffs the Indian tribes formerly held 

 their councils. Owing to the exceptional trans- 

 portation facilities, the city is an important 

 distributing point. It has a large trade in fruit 

 and produce and maintains eight large grain 

 elevators. As a manufacturing center for agri- 

 cultural implements, it holds high rank; other 

 manufactures of importance are iron, carriages, 

 fire extinguishers and machinery. There are 

 also large cattle yards and flour mills. 



The notable buildings are a $250,000 Federal 

 building, erected in 1885, and the county court- 



house. Among the benevolent institutions are 

 the Christian Home Orphanage, Council Bluffs 

 Sanitarium, Neal Institute, Jennie Edmund- 

 son Memorial Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Saint 

 Bernard's Hospital and the state institution 

 for the deaf and dumb. In addition to the 

 public school system educational advantages 

 are afforded by My Lady of Victory Seminary, 

 Saint Francis Academy, two business colleges 

 and a Carnegie Library. 



On the site of Council Bluffs, in 1804, the ex- 

 plorers Lewis and Clark held council with the 

 Indians, hence the name of the city. There 

 the Mormons tarried from 1846 to 1849 on 

 their way to Utah, their final destination; they 

 called the settlement Kanesville. The present 

 name was adopted in 1850, when the city was 

 chartered. For many years Council Bluffs was 

 the westernmost city of civilization in the 

 United States, and California emigrants and 

 trappers found supplies there before entering 

 the wilderness of the Indians. H.E.C. 



COUNTERFEITING, koun' ter fit ing, is the 

 making, without lawful authority, imitations of 

 money, either paper or coin, or the production 

 of any article in imitation of another with in- 

 tent to secure the use of the false rather than 

 the genuine. As the making of money is a 

 function of a national government and not of 

 its states or provinces, the making of counter- 

 feit money is a crime against the Federal 

 government. Some nation's laws are so strin- 

 gent that it is a crime even to paint on a 

 billboard a likeness of any coin or paper 

 money; this is true in the United States. 

 Moving-picture exhibitions are also prohibited 

 from displaying films showing the processes 

 of counterfeiting. Officials are constantly at 

 work in each of the ten secret-service districts 

 into which the United States is divided to de- 

 tect passers of counterfeit money and to pun- 

 ish those who engage in its manufacture. The 

 penalty for counterfeiting or passing counter- 

 feit money ranges from five to twenty years' 

 imprisonment and fines from $5,000 to $10,000. 

 Both fine and imprisonment may be imposed, 

 in the discretion of the court. 



COUN'TER-REFORMA'TION, the term used 

 to designate the period of Roman Catholic 

 revival, between 1560 and 1648, during which 

 the Church undertook to reform abuses, to 

 counteract the influence of Protestantism in 

 countries where it was liable to be implanted, 

 and to exterminate it where it had taken root. 

 Previous to the Reformation there had been 

 a demand from the faithful for reform on the 



