CRANSTON 



1625 



CRAWFISH 



brought himself favorably to the notice of the 

 king by suggesting that the question of the 

 latter's divorce from Catharine of Aragon be 

 submitted to the European universities; later 

 he was a pliant servant of his sovereign in the 

 divorce proceedings, in the elevation of Anne 

 Boleyn as Henry's second wife, and in the 

 downfall of herself and Henry's fourth wife, 

 Anne of Cteves. 



Cranmer was consecrated Archbishop of Can- 

 terbury in March, 1533, shortly after the king's 

 marriage to Anne Boleyn, and actively sup- 

 ported Henry in his efforts to check the power 

 of the Pope. He also encouraged the transla- 

 tion of the Bible, and caused it to be read in 

 the churches. By the will of Henry VIII, he 

 became one of the regents for the youthful 

 Edward VI, and had an important part in the 

 advancement of Protestantism during the lat- 

 ter's reign. 



When Mary came to the throne, the arch- 

 bishop was sent to the Tower, together with 

 his fellow Protestant workers, Latimer and 

 Ridley (see LATIMER, HUGH; RIDLEY, NICH- 

 OLAS). In 1554 they were removed to the com- 

 mon prison at Oxford, on the charge of heresy. 

 Cranmer's sufferings so weakened him that he 

 signed several statements repudiating his for- 

 mer acts, but at the end he regained his courage 

 and showed great fortitude while suffering mar- 

 tyrdom at the stake. When the fire was lighted 

 he thrust into it the hand which had signed his 

 recantations and exclaimed, "This hath of- 

 fended; oh, this unworthy hand." 



Related Subjects. The important events cen- 

 tered about Cranmer are further described in va- 

 rious articles in these volumes, as follows : 



Boleyn, Anne 

 Catharine of Aragon 

 Henry, subhead 

 Henry VIII 



Reformation (English 

 phase) 



CRAN'STON, R. I., a residential city in 

 Providence County, situated northeast of the 

 geographical center of the state, about nine 

 miles southwest of Providence. Railway trans- 

 portation is provided by the New York, New 

 Haven & Hartford Railway; electric lines run 

 to Providence and other neighboring cities. 

 The town was settled as a part of Providence in 

 1638, was incorporated as a separate town in 

 the year 1754 and as a city in 1910. It was 

 named in honor of Samuel Cranston, a former 

 governor of Rhode Island. In 1910 the popu- 

 lation was 21,107. According to Federal esti- 

 mate in 1916 it was 25,987. The area is thirty 

 square miles. 



Cranston is the residence of a large number 

 of people who have business interests in Provi- 

 dence. It is composed of several prosperous 

 villages with many attractive homes, and its 

 people are largely engaged in making cotton 

 and print goods, and in brewing. In the south- 

 ern part of the city are the state's prison, work- 

 house, almshouse, hospital for the insane, house 

 of correction and reform school, and the county 

 jail. Cranston has four libraries. 



CRAPE, or CREPE, krape, the cloth of 

 mourning in many countries, a crinkled, wiry, 

 transparent stuff made of well-twisted raw 

 silk. When woven, it is gummed, and in dry- 

 ing the threads partly untwist, giving the 

 wrinkled appearance. It was first manufac- 

 tured and used in Bologna, Italy. It is usually 

 dyed black, but is also made in other colors. 



Japanese and Chinese crape, or crepe de 

 chine, is a soft, gauzy silk fabric with a wavy 

 appearance, very popular for ladies' scarfs, 

 shawls, hat trimmings, lingeries and evening 

 gowns, and is manufactured in all shades and 

 colors. 



Crape cloth is a woolen fabric made in imi- 

 tation of the silk, the crinkled surface being 

 produced by running the cloth through rollers. 

 Crape paper, so much used for decorative pur- 

 poses, is a crinkled paper resembling the crape 

 cloth. 



CRASSUS, /eras' us, MARCUS LICINIUS (about 

 115-53 B.C.), a Roman surnamed Dives, the 

 Rich. He was exceedingly fond of wealth and 

 skilful in the ways and means of accumulating 

 it. When Sulla, the merciless leader, landed 

 in Italy, 83 B.C., Crassus joined him and ren- 

 dered such important service that he was 

 allowed to purchase confiscated property and 

 estates at a nominal value. In 71 B.C., he was 

 created praetor and took command against 

 Spartacus and the revolted slaves. In 70 B. c., 

 Crassus was elected consul, having Pompey, 

 whom he hated, as his colleague; was made 

 censor in 65 and with Caesar and Pompey was 

 a member of the first triumvirate in 55. He 

 was slain through treachery of the Parthians. 

 See TRIUMVIRATE; PRAETOR. 



CRAWFISH, or CRAY 'FISH, a fresh- 

 water, lobsterlike shellfish. The young are 

 carried under the broad tail of the mother in 

 the same way as are the lobsters, and the gen- 

 eral structure of the animal is the same. The 

 crawfish is smaller than the lobster, however, 

 being about six inches long. The claws are 

 much shorter, and the tail is different, in 

 that the middle plate of the tail fin is divided 



