CRIMEA 



1637 



CRIMINOLOGY 



Related Subjects. The following articles In 

 these volumes should be read in connection with 

 the topic of crime. There will also be found in 

 the index under LAW a number of closely-related 

 articles : 



Abduction 



Arson 



Assassination 



Assault and Battery 



Bigamy 



Blackmail 



Bribery 



Burglary 



Capital Punishment 



Conspiracy 



Counterfeiting 



Criminology 



Embezzlement 



Felony 



Forgery 



Fraud 



Homicide 



Kidnapping 



Larceny 



Law 



Manslaughter 



Mayhem 



Misdemeanor 



Murder 



Peace, Breach of the 



Piracy 



Procedure 



Robbery 



Smuggling 



Treason 



CRIMEA, krime'a, a peninsula of Southern 

 Russia, almost entirely surrounded by the 

 Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The neck of 

 land joining it to the mainland, called the 

 Isthmus of Perekop, is penetrated by a canal 



CRIMEAN 

 PENINSULA 



seventy feet in width, so the Crimea has arti- 

 ficially become an island. It covers a total 

 area of 9,800 square miles, and is therefore a 

 little larger than the state of Vermont and not 

 quite half the size of Nova Scotia. The land 

 gradually rises from the sea in a series of 

 steppes, the northern slopes of which yield 

 splendid crops of grain and hardy fruits. In 

 the south the valleys are luxuriant with vines, 

 figs, olives, mulberries and other fruits, while 

 the flowers rival in beauty those of the Med- 

 iterranean shores. Cattle, sheep and horses 

 are reared in great numbers, and agriculture 

 is in an advanced state, modern machinery 

 being largely used. 



The city of Sebastopol, or Sevastopol, carries 

 on an extensive commerce, particularly in 

 grains and fruits. The inhabitants are of mixed 

 race; Turkish-speaking Tartars predominate, 

 but there are a number of Greeks, Russians, 

 Jews and Germans. The southern shore of the 



peninsula forms a favorite seaside resort for 

 Russian nobility, and the peninsula contains 

 magnificent residences and parks, not surpassed 

 anywhere else in the world. Total population, 

 about 585,000. 



Crimean War (1854-1856), the name given to 

 a great struggle between Russia on the one 

 hand and France, England, Sardinia and Tur- 

 key on the other, to resist Russian aggression 

 in Europe. It had for years been the policy 

 of England to maintain the Turkish Empire in 

 its integrity rather than let Constantinople 

 fall into the hands of a more progressive 

 power. Russia had long cast its eyes on Tur- 

 key as the logical southern extension of its 

 empire, to give it its long-desired Mediterra- 

 nean outlet to the ocean on the south. Nicho- 

 las I, in accordance with the policy laid down 

 by Catharine II, endeavored to proclaim a 

 protectorate over Serbia, Bulgaria and Bosnia, 

 with the avowed object also of occupying Con- 

 stantinople. Such movements were held to 

 endanger what is termed the "balance of 

 power," and when Russia assumed the aggres- 

 sive, Turkey, followed by England, France and 

 Sardinia, declared war. 



After a demonstration in the Baltic Sea, 

 during which a French and English fleet cap- 

 tured Bomarsund, it became evident that the 

 war must be decided in the Crimea. Allied 

 troops landed, and after almost incredible 

 hardships, caused by mismanagement, suc- 

 ceeded in completely defeating the Russians. 

 The chief military events were the battles of 

 the River Alma, of Balaklava and of Inker- 

 man, and the capture of Sebastopol. It was in 

 the Battle of Balaklava that the famous charge 

 of the Light Brigade was made (see CHARGE OF 

 THE LIGHT BRIGADE). The siege of Sebastopol, 

 successfully concluded late in 1855, led to the 

 conclusion of hostilities. By the terms of 

 peace, arranged in Paris and signed on March 

 30, 1856, the integrity of the Turkish Empire 

 was guaranteed, and the Russians renounced 

 their ambitious policy. F.ST.A. 



CRIMINOLOGY, krim i nol' o ji, a social 

 science of recent origin which covers the sub- 

 ject of crime in all its bearings. It includes 

 the evolution, causes and classification of 

 crime; statistics showing how it varies in dif- 

 ferent countries, ages and seasons; the history, 

 surroundings, habits and nature of individual 

 criminals; means of preventing and lessening 

 crime, and the administration of the machin- 

 ery for dealing with criminals, represented by 

 laws, courts, jails, prisons, workhouses, reform- 



