CRIMINOLOGY 



1639 



CRINOIDEA 



history of criminal punishments, the world 

 over, shows that the most crimes accompanied 

 the greatest severity." Protection and preven- 

 tion are the true safeguards. Society must 

 protect itself against the possible crimes of the 

 insane and the feeble-minded by caring for 

 them in institutions. 



Again, it must protect itself against the fur- 

 ther crimes of convicted criminals by reform- 

 ing the reformable through a many-sided 

 prison training, covering mental development, 

 moral suggestion, physical culture and prac- 

 tical instruction in some trade. But it pro- 

 tects itself primarily by going to the very root 

 of the trouble and preventing crime by assur- 

 ing every boy and girl an education which will 

 train both body and mind; which will lay the 

 foundations of good habits and sound char- 

 acter; and which will teach the child either a 

 trade or a professioc, so that he may become a 

 self-supporting and self-respecting citizen. 

 There is deep truth in the remark that "with 

 every school we erect we tear down a prison." 



Habit and Home Influence. Reformation is 

 the ideal course with the convicted criminal. 

 Formation of upright character and good hab- 

 its is the groundwork which will make reforma- 

 tion unnecessary. If the right habits are once 

 implanted they will form a wall blocking the 

 way to evil; whereas, says a modern writer, 

 "the slipshod habit, the lazy habit, the deceit- 

 ful habit, early formed, often lead straight to 

 the penitentiary." Mental and moral habits 

 that affect the entire life of the man or woman 

 are formed during the early years of childhood, 

 when the mind is plastic. Thus the responsi- 

 bility for laying the foundations of fine man- 

 hood and womanhood rests primarily with the 

 home and the parents. 



Modern Ideals and Reforms. The new 

 methods of treating crime and criminals all 

 take root in the principle that the purpose 

 of separating the criminal from his fellows 

 and taking away his liberty is to give him 

 a chance to be "cured" and made fit to take 

 his place in society. It is realized, however, 

 that young prisoners are the most hopeful 

 subjects for reformatory methods, and the 

 reforming prison usually accepts none above 

 a certain age. The greatest advances along 

 reform lines have been made in the United 

 States, chiefly in the Auburn State Prison, 

 the Elmira Reformatory and at Sing Sing 

 prison, all of which are in the state of New 

 York. 



The probation system for first offenders, the 



classification and segregation of prisoners, the 

 indeterminate sentence, prison self-govern- 

 ment, the honor system, parole, prison farms, 

 juvenile courts, the "child rescue" and "big 

 brother" movements, special colonies for the 

 cure of habitual drunkards or drug victims 

 and various related innovations are among 

 the outstanding features of the great reform 

 movement. The indeterminate sentence has 

 been termed "a sentence to reformation," as 

 it implies that the criminal shall not serve a 

 definite term set by the court, but shall remain 

 under prison treatment until he is pronounced 

 no longer dangerous to society. This is similar 

 to keeping a hospital patient under treatment 

 until his health is restored. An indeterminate 

 sentence law which became effective for New 

 York City on January 1, 1916, affects annually 

 an average of 10,000 persons admitted to, and 

 an equal number discharged from, its peniten- 

 tiary, workhouse and reformatory. E.A.R. 



Related Subjects. The following articles in 

 these volumes will be of interest to the reader 

 who desires to learn more of the general topic 

 of criminology : 



Alcoholic Drinks Juvenile Court 



Crime Parole 



Ethics Pris< i 



Heredity Soci ogy 



Indeterminate Sentence 



CRINOIDEA, krinoi'dea, or SEA LILIES, 



a group of strange and lovely sea animals, 

 now very few in num- 

 ber. Some species are 

 found in shallow water 

 about coral reefs, either 

 attached or free-swim- 

 ming. A typical form 

 has a cup-shaped head, 

 or calyx, which contains 

 the vital organs, and a 

 jointed limestony stem. 

 About the head radiate 

 featherlike arms which 

 screen from the water 



CRINOIDEA, OR SEA LILIES 



tiny shellfish and particles of plant life; this 

 food is passed along grooves to the mouth. 

 These arms make the animal look like a flower. 



