CROWN POINT 



1650 



CRUSADES 



Iron Crown of Lombardy, a name given to 

 the crown worn by the Lombard kings and the 

 emperors of Germany when they became kings 

 of Lombardy. It was not precisely an iron 

 crown, but was made of gold, with an iron 

 band which tradition says was beaten from a 

 nail of the Cross on which Christ was cruci- 

 fied. When it was made is not known, but 

 previous to the twelfth century it was called 

 the Golden Crown. The most notable mon- 

 archs who wore this crown were Charlemagne, 

 Charles V and Napoleon I. It is now preserved 

 in the Church of Saint John the Baptist at 

 Monza, Italy. 



CROWN POINT, a township in Essex 

 County, N. Y., important for its Revolutionary 

 War associations. It was settled by the French 

 in 1731 and was one of the chief frontier posts 

 during the struggle for colonial possessions. 

 Along the natural lines of travel and communi- 

 cation between Canada and the colonies of 

 England, Crown Point, a little fortress on Lake 

 Champlain, was a strategic point, for here the 

 lake narrows to the width of a river, and so a 

 few small cannon could command the pas- 

 sage. This was called Scalp Point by the 

 French, Crown Point by the English. At the 

 outbreak of the Revolutionary War, while 

 Arnold and Ethan Allen took Ticonderoga, a 

 body of "Green Mountain Boys" under com- 

 mand of Seth Warner captured Crown Point, 

 on May 11, 1775, with 200 cannon and a quan- 

 tity of ammunition. A slope of the embank- 

 ment with part of the ruins of the barracks is 

 still standing. 



Crown Point is 110 miles northeast of Albany 

 'and ten miles from Ticonderoga, on the west 

 shore of Lake Champlain and on the Delaware 

 & Hudson Railroad. Since the mining of iron 

 ore has been abandoned, the town is depend- 

 ent on its agricultural resources. Population 

 in 1910, 2,200. A.E.R. 



CRUELTY TO ANIMALS, SOCIETY FOB THE 

 PREVENTION OF, the name for various humane 

 organizations existing in most countries of the 

 world, which have been influential in secur- 

 ing laws providing punishment for mistreat- 

 ment of animals. Support is provided by 

 popular subscription. The first society for this 

 purpose was organized in 1824 in England. 

 Scotland followed in 1839, and in 1866, through 

 the influence of Mr. Henry Bergh, the first 

 society of that kind in America was organ- 

 ized in New York. Other countries took up 

 the movement 'and now there are similar so- 

 cieties in nearly every country in Europe, in 



Canada, Algeria, Australia, South Africa, 

 Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. In some places 

 laws passed through the influence of these 

 societies regulate the treatment of wild animals 

 in captivity as well as of domestic animals. 



In nearly all countries legislation fixes a 

 fine of from $5 to $100 or imprisonment from 

 thirty to sixty days, or both, as a punishment 

 for cruelty to any domestic animal. Through 

 legislation, railways are required to unload, 

 every twenty-four hours, for rest, feed and 

 water, all live stock which is being shipped 

 long distances. These societies are endeavor- 

 ing to secure proper treatment of animals 

 through education of the people rather than 

 by force. In some cities ambulances and der- 

 ricks have been provided for the removal of 

 disabled and fallen animals. See BERGH, 

 HENRY. 



CRUIKSHANK, krook' shangk, GEORGE (1792- 

 1878), an English artist born in London, fa- 

 mous for his caricatures. His father and 

 elder brother were both caricaturists and at 

 fifteen years of age he was fairly on the road 

 to fame. He was a moralist as well as an 

 artist, and as a total abstainer he finally con- 

 secrated his art to portraying the downward 

 career of the drunkard. In 1837 he commenced 

 his famous series of steel etchings illustrative 

 of Dickens' Oliver Twist, which were full of 

 pathos, humor and tragic power. For over half 

 a century he caricatured the costumes, manners 

 and vices of the English people. 



CRUSADES, krusaydz', the Holy Wars of 

 the Middle Ages, carried on from the eleventh to 

 the thirteenth century by the Christian nations 

 of Western Europ^ in the effort to wrest from 

 its Mohammedan possessors the land where 

 Christ had lived and died. The Crusaders took 

 their name from the Latin word crux, meaning 

 cross, for the Cross of Christ was their badge 

 of warfare. No other great event of history 

 has stirred the imagination of the world more 

 than this long and bitter struggle for the pos- 

 session of the Holy Land, and the traditions 

 of the Crusaders are perpetuated in a collection 

 of tales and poems of infinite variety. Sir 

 Walter Scott's Talisman is one of the most 

 celebrated stories of the Crusading period. 



In the earlier pilgrimages to the first home 

 of Christianity may be found the origin of the 

 Crusades. From the time the Christian faith 

 took root in Western Europe bands of pilgrims 

 had made their way to the Holy Land to visit 

 the sepulcher of Christ, and in the eleventh 

 century, a period of religious revival, they 



