DIANA 



1787 



DIAS 



represented. Jewelers usually classify dia- 

 monds as first, second or third water. In the 

 first class are those which are colorless and 

 transparent and without flaws of any kind; in 

 the second class, those which are colorless with 

 small but unimportant defects, or faultless but 

 with some traces of color; in the third, those 

 which are distinctly colored, or colorless with 

 serious faults. Stones of the first water may 

 be perfectly colorless or they may have a tinge 

 of blue, and they are carried only by first- 

 class jewelers. Second-class diamonds often 

 show traces of yellow color, which may readily 

 be seen when the stone is examined in the 

 sunlight. E.S. 



For a further study of the subject the reader 

 is referred to the following works : Kunz's 

 Gems and Precious Stones; Streeter's The Great 

 Diamonds of the World; Williams' Diamond 

 Mines of South Africa; Claremont's The Mineral 

 Industry (Volume VII). 



DIANA, dian'a, or ARTEMIS, ahr'temis, 

 in classic mythology the daughter of Jupiter 

 and Leto (or Latona), and the twin sister of 

 Apollo. She is best known as the goddess of 

 hunting, and is most frequently represented 

 with bow and ar- 

 rows, a quiver 

 on her shoul- 

 der, a crescent 

 on her head 

 and attended by 

 hounds. She was 

 brave in warfare 

 and merciless in 

 anger. Diana was 

 identified with 

 the Isis of the 

 Egyptians. 



Temple of Di- 

 ana , a magnifi- 

 cent edifice, prob- 

 a b 1 y completed 

 about 400 B. c., in 

 Ephesus, Asia 



DIANA 



Familiarly known as the 



Til- , j i- "Diana of Versailles," be- 



ivimor, ana aeai- cause for many years it was 

 cated to the wor- in the Palace at Versailles. 

 It is now in the Louvre, 

 ship of Diana as Paris. The statue is believed 

 4. i, ~ ~AA e to have been the work of the 



tne goddess o 1 scu i ptor Leochares, who lived 

 fruitful nature, in the fourth century B. c. 

 It was built of Parian marble, was of imposing 

 dimensions and was considered one of the won- 

 ders of the world. It occupied the site of many 

 previous temples which had been destroyed, 

 one of them by the Ephesian Herostratus in 

 356 B. c. In A. D. 262 it was sacked and burned 



by the Goths, but later was partially restored. 

 Excavations made in 1867, and subsequently, 

 disclosed the lost site of the temple and many 

 interesting and important details regarding it. 



DIAPHRAGM, di'afram, the large, mus- 

 cular partition which separates the cavity of 

 the chest from that of the abdomen. The dia- 

 phragm bends upward; its upper surface is 



TWO VIEWS QF THE DIAPHRAGM 

 (a) Vertical section of trunk, showing cavities 

 of thorax and abdomen separated by the dia- 

 phragm ; (6) the diaphragm is shown, front view. 



convex and its lower, concave. It is the chief 

 muscle in respiration (see BREATH), and when 

 it moves downward, it presses upon the stom- 

 ach and causes a pressure to bear upon all 

 the digestive organs of the abdomen. In this 

 way it exerts some influence over the move- 

 ment of the contents of the intestines. Sudden 

 contraction of the diaphragm results in hic- 

 coughs. 



Mammals, or milk-giving animals, are the 

 only organisms having complete diaphragms. 



The name is derived from a Greek word 

 meaning to fence or enclose. See ABDOMEN. 



DIAS, de'ahsh, BARTHOLOMEU ( ? -1500), a 

 Portuguese navigator celebrated for his dis- 

 covery of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1487, 

 after several voyages to that part of Western 

 Africa now known as the Gold Coast, he was 

 placed in charge of an expedition to explore 

 the African coast farther south. Being carried 

 by the winds out of his course, he rounded the 

 Cape of Good Hope without sighting it and 

 anchored in Mossel Bay, in Cape Colony. He 

 was compelled to turn back by the complaints 

 of his men, and on the return voyage he 

 located Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point 

 of Africa. A little later he discovered Table 

 Mountain and the cape, which he named the 

 Cape of Storms; the king of Portugal changed 

 the name to Cape of Good Hope. Dias perished 

 in a storm which wrecked his vessel while 

 he was returning from a voyage to Brazil. 



