DIOGENES 



1799 



DIP 



a disciple of Antisthenes, founder of the Cynic 

 philosophy. Though he was treated with great 

 brutality, the pupil soon surpassed his master 

 in learning and in the rigid asceticism of his 

 life. 



According to familiar tradition, Diogenes 

 subsisted on the coarsest bread, slept at night 

 in a tub, and even threw away his only drink- 

 ing cup because he saw a boy drink out of the 

 hollow of his hands. When he went about the 

 city in broad daylight, carrying a lighted lan- 



DIOGENES 

 From the painting by G6reme. 



tern which he thrust into the faces of passers- 

 by, he said, in answer to inquiries, that he 

 was searching for an honest man. He wore 

 a long beard, and, like Socrates, walked the 

 streets of Athens barefooted and clothed in a 

 single garment. 



While on a voyage to Aegina, Diogenes was 

 captured by pirates and sold as a slave. He 

 informed his captors that he knew no trade 

 except that of governing men and suggested 

 that he should be sold to "a man who needs 

 a master." As tutor to the sons of a wealthy 

 Corinthian, he spent the rest of his life in 

 Corinth, dying on the day on which Alexander 

 the Great died in Babylon. In the city of 

 Corinth the world conqueror and the philos- 

 opher had a famous interview. In the course 

 of their conversation Alexander said, "How 

 can I serve you, Diogenes?" "By standing out 

 of the sunshine," was the Cynic's unexpected 

 reply. So impressed was Alexander with the 

 philosopher's self-possession that he remarked 

 as he went away, "If I were not Alexander, I 

 should wish to be Diogenes." 



In spite of his eccentricities, the philosophy 

 of Diogenes represents the best teachings of 

 the Cynics, for he emphasized the value of 

 self-control and the necessity of returning to 

 simplicity and nature. His peculiar manner 



of living was a result of his belief that pain 

 and hunger are helps in the pursuit of happi- 

 ness, and all pleasure is preventive of goodness. 

 See CYNIC SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY. B.M.W. 



DIONYSIUS, dionish'ius, THE ELDER 

 (4317-367 B.C.), tyrant of ancient Syracuse, a 

 man of obscure parentage who began life as a 

 clerk in a public office. By his own ability and 

 energy he rose until he made his power over 

 Syracuse absolute. In his wars against Car- 

 thage he met with many successes, but was not 

 able to drive the Carthaginians out of the 

 island. He made many expeditions against 

 neighboring cities and to the mainland of 

 Greece and Italy. The towns he captured were 

 destroyed, and the inhabitants were usually 

 sold as slaves. Historians depict him as cruel, 

 ambitious, vindictive and suspicious, a tyrant 

 in a very real sense of the word. Under his 

 rule, however, Syracuse became a brilliant 

 center of Greek civilization, art and culture. 



It was his son, DIONYSIUS THE YOUNGER, in 

 character much like his father, who is said to 

 have condemned Pythias to death. This act 

 is supposed to have given Damon his oppor- 

 tunity to prove that a man's faith in his friend 

 may be a truly wonderful thing. See DAMON 

 AND PYTHIAS. 



DIP. We often see rocks tilted up so that 

 they almost stand on edge. We see others 

 lying flat, and between these two positions 

 there are rocks lying at all angles. The angle 

 which the surface of a layer of rock forms with 



ILLUSTRATING DIP AND STRIKE 



a vertical line is called in geology the dip of 

 the rock. Dip is measured by a very simple 

 instrument called a clinometer, consisting of 

 a square block of wood with a plumb line 

 fastened to one corner and having the arc of 

 a circle graduated in degrees marked around 

 the opposite sides. When the block is placed 

 upon the rock the plumb line takes a vertical 

 position and the point it touches on the arc 



