DUNFERMLINE 



1SS2 



DUNKIRK 



the city manufactures large quantities of 

 woolen goods for home consumption and ex- 

 ports raw wool to England. Apart from agri- 

 culture the chief source of wealth lies in gold 

 dredging, which, however, is now almost en- 

 tirely in the hands of a few large companies. 

 Dunedin has beautiful suburbs, on hills over- 

 looking the harbor, each suburb forming a 

 separate municipality. Population in 1911, of 

 the city alone, 41,529; with suburbs, 64,237. 



DUNFERMLINE, dun ferm' lin, an ancient 

 city of Scotland, in the County of Fife, sixteen 

 miles northwest of Edinburgh. It was the 

 favorite residence of early Scottish kings and 

 the birthplace of James I and Charles I of 

 England. The name is Gaelic, and means fort 

 on the crooked stream. It was an important 

 town before the days of the Norman conquest 

 of England (1066) and is full of interesting 

 historical remains. Beneath the pulpit in the 

 Abbey church, built on the site of an ancient 

 Benedictine abbey, lie the remains of King 

 ^Robert Bruce, hero of Bannockburn (which 

 see). Until the eighteenth century the town 

 had no manufactures, but in 1718 the weaving 

 of damask was introduced by a man who by 

 pretending to be an idiot had gained entrance 

 to workshops in Edinburgh and learned the 

 strictly-guarded secrets of the art. Dunferm- 

 line soon surpassed Edinburgh and all other 

 towns in Great Britain in the quality and de- 

 sign of its damask. 



Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline 

 in 1837, and has been the town's greatest bene- 

 factor. He presented to the city of his birth 

 a public library, baths and the beautiful estate 

 of Pittencrief Park, together with other prop- 

 erty and bonds yielding an income of $125,000 

 a year. Daniel Defoe described Dunfermline 

 in the eighteenth century as showing the "full 

 perfection of decay," but it is now among the 

 most flourishing towns in Scotland, with im- 

 portant industries, including brass and iron 

 founding, tanning, brewing and distilling, rope 

 making and bleaching; there are numerous 

 collieries in the immediate vicinity. Popula- 

 tion in 1911, 28,100. 



DUN'KERS, DUN'KARDS or TUN'KERS, 

 from the German tunken, meaning to dip, is 

 the name of a sect of German-American 

 Baptists which originated in Westphalia, Ger- 

 many, about 1708. Their founder was Alex- 

 ander Mack. They derive their name from 

 their mode ef baptism by immersion, or dip- 

 ping. Early in their history persecution com- 

 pelled them to flee to Holland, and later they 



emigrated to the United States, where they 

 settled near Philadelphia. They are distin- 

 guished by extreme simplicity of attire, and aro 

 opposed to divorce, oaths, warfare and the uso 

 of alcohol and tobacco. They reject infant 

 baptism and the use of medicine, replacing the 

 latter with prayer and anointment with oil. 

 They are now found in almost every section 

 of the United States, particularly in Pennsyl- 

 vania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio and Indiana. 

 In 1905 their total membership was about 

 115,000. 



DUN 'KIRK, or DUNKIRQUE, is a fortified 

 seaport in the north of France on the Strait 

 of Dover, twenty-eight miles northeast of Ca- 

 lais. During the War of the Nations it was 

 an important military base and landing place 

 for British troops. It was repeatedly shelled 

 by long-range German artillery, at a distance 

 of twenty miles, for it was in the direct line 

 of German aspirations looking to the capture 

 of the entire Channel coast of France, espe- 

 cially Calais. This campaign failed, and the 

 bombardment did not entirely destroy Dunkirk. 



The city lies in a network of canals connect- 

 ing it with inland towns of France and Belgium, 

 and has an excellent harbor, its importance as 

 a port rivaling that of Bordeaux. It has manu- 

 factories of jute, hemp, cotton and flax, iron 

 foundries, machine factories, breweries, sugar 

 refineries and shipbuilding yards. The streets 

 are wide, well paved and clean, but there are 

 few buildings of any architectural beauty. Pop- 

 ulation in 1911, 38,891; but during the War of 

 the Nations thousands sought refuge elsewhere, 

 and business interests suffered greatly. 



DUNKIRK, N. Y., a city in Chautauqua 

 County, on the shore of Lake Erie, forty miles 

 southwest of Buffalo. It is on the New York 

 Central Lines; the Pennsylvania; the Erie; 

 the New York, Chicago & Saint Louis and the 

 Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburgh rail- 

 roads. Lines of freight and passenger boats 

 ply between this and other lake ports. In 

 1910 the population was 17,221; in 1916 the 

 Federal estimate was 20,743. The area is 

 nearly five square miles. 



The city was named from the similarity of 

 its excellent harbor, which is protected by a 

 breakwater, to that of Dunkirk, France. It 

 is well situated on bluffs high above the lake, 

 and has Point Gratiot and Washington parks, 

 Brooks Memorial Hospital, a Carnegie Library, 

 Masonic Temple and Odd Fellows' Temple. 

 Dunkirk is in an agricultural and grape-growing 

 country and has an important trade in farm 



