EAGLE 



1898 



EAR 



device of knights and royalty on shields and 

 armor. It was adopted by the German emper- 

 ors, who claimed to be the successors of the 

 Caesars. The double-headed eagle is used on 

 the Russian and Austrian coats-of-arms, and in 



THE EAGLE AS AN EMBLEM 

 In the center, the eagle of the Roman legions. 

 At left. Austrian and Prussian symbols ; at right, 

 Russian and French. 



1782 the United States adopted as its emblem 

 the eagle with outspread wings, a shield on its 

 breast, holding an olive branch and a sheaf of 

 arrows in its talons. In the beak of the eagle 

 in the American coat-of-arms is a scroll on 

 which are the words E Pluribus Unum, the 

 national motto of the American Union, mean- 

 ing from many, one. 



EAGLE. In the United States a gold coin 

 worth ten dollars is issued by the government, 

 and because it has the head of an eagle stamped 

 on the back, the coin has been called an eagle. 

 Its weight is 258 grains, nine-tenths pure gold. 

 Eagles were first coined in 1795. Half-eagles, 

 quarter-eagles and double-eagles are also coined. 

 The value of the eagle and other gold pieces 

 is the sum stamped on them, unless a con- 

 siderable part of the gold is worn off by use, 

 for the gold alone, without the added harden- 

 ing metal, is of that value. See ALLOY; 

 MONEY. 



EAMES, aymz, EMMA, the stage name of 

 EMMA HAYDEN STORY (1867- ), an Ameri- 

 can soprano who has reached a high place in 

 the world of grand opera. She was born in 

 Shanghai, China, of American parents, and 

 after the return of the family to America in 

 1872 her musical career was given careful atten- 

 tion. She studied in Boston and in Paris, and 

 in 1889 made her debut as Juliet at the 

 Grand Opera, Paris, after which, in roles such 



as Aida, Elisabeth, Sieglinde and Santuzza, 

 she gained remarkable success in all parts of 

 the world. She married the artist, Julian Story, 

 in 1891, but was divorced from him in 1907 

 and in 1911 married the baritone, Emilio de 

 Gogorza. 



EAR, a device for receiving air vibrations 

 that produce sound, and for transmitting them 

 to the auditory nerve. The human ear is an 

 example of perfection and delicacy of struc- 

 ture not surpassed elsewhere in the body. It 

 consists of three parts, the external ear, the 

 middle car and the internal ear. 



The External Ear. The external ear consists 

 of two parts, the' outer visible part, called the 

 auricle, or pinna, and the auditory canal, a tube 

 about one and one-fourth inches long, leading 

 from the auricle to the membrane of the middle 

 ear. The auricle, the part usually called the 

 ear, is composed almost entirely of skin and 

 cartilage, and, with rare exception, is station- 

 ary. Traces of muscles attached to the ear lead 

 anatomists to believe that these muscles were 

 once active and that there was a time in the 

 development of the human race when man 

 could move his ears to some extent to catch 

 sound waves, as do horses and some other ani- 

 mals. The large hollow portion of the auricle, 

 at the base of which is the opening into the 

 auditory canal, is called the concha, from its 

 fancied resemblance to a conch shell. 



The Middle Ear, or Tympanum. The mid- 

 dle ear is a small cavity in the temporal bone, 

 half an inch long and a quarter of an inch 

 wide. In popular language it is known as the 

 drum cavity, for its outer end is closed, like 

 a drum, with a thin piece of membrane (mem- 

 brana tympani). This membrane separates the 

 drum cavity from the external ear, while a 

 bony-membranous partition forms a common 

 wall for the middle and inner ears* The middle 

 ear is filled with air and lined with mucous 

 membrane, and its cavity extends backward 

 into a bony projection known as the mastoid 

 process. Extending across the cavity from one 

 membrane to the other is a chain of three small 

 bones the mallet (malleus), anvil (incus) and 

 stirrup (stapes) . See a, b, c, Fig. 2. The mallet 

 consists of a head, neck and handle, the latter 

 being attached to the inner surface of the 

 drum membrane. The bones are so joined 

 together that they strengthen the vibrations 

 of the ear drum as they carry them forward 

 to the internal ear. 



The membrane of the tympanum is nearly - 

 circular and about two-thirds of the size of a 



