EARTHQUAKE 



1906 



EARTHWORM 



QAreas of" Earthquakes 

 + Areas of Volcanoes 



THE ZONES OF EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES 



or where mountains rise almost directly out of 

 a deep sea, as on the west coast of the two 

 Americas most scientists prefer the theory of 

 fracture and faults. But for these last there 

 seems to be no logical explanation, unless it 

 be the constant shrinkage of the earth's crust 

 from cooling of the core beneath. As a matter 

 of fact, the most severe shocks occur in young 

 mountain ranges, as these are commonly re- 

 gions of uplift. This is true in the Western 

 Highland region of the American continent and 

 also of the chain of islands off the east coast 

 of the Asian continent. Earthquakes are 

 about as frequent in the Appalachian highlands 

 and the Atlantic coast region as in the Pacific 

 coast region, but they are so feeble that one 

 rarely feels the shock. 



Seismology. Besides a better knowledge of 

 how to build in affected areas, the benefits 

 hoped for from the scientific study of earth- 

 quakes are a means of foretelling them and an 

 acquaintance with those portions of the sea 

 to be avoided in laying submarine cables. As 

 most great shocks are preceded a few days 

 earlier by minor shocks, the first task does not 

 seem impossible. 



Great Earthquakes. Following is a list of 

 the most violent earthquakes of recent time.?, 

 arranged in order of their destructiveness : 

 Messina, 1908 ; 76,483 lost, city destroyed 

 Calabria and Sicily, 1783 ; 60,000 lost 

 Lisbon, 1755 ; 40,000 lost, huge sea wave 

 Charleston, 1886 ; most of city destroyed 

 Kangra, India-, 1905 ; 20,000 lost 

 Valparaiso, Chile, 1906; great havoc from fire 

 Kingston, Jamaica, 1907 ; wave and fire 

 San Francisco, 1906 ; city swept by fire 



Assam, 1897 ; a very severe shock in an unpopu- 

 lated area. J.R. 

 Consult Russell's Volcanoes of North America. 

 EARTH 'WORM, ANGLEWORM, or FISH- 

 WORM, a creeping, shiny-skinned, light red- 

 brown worm, popularly known as a favorite 

 bait for the fisherman. How many know, how- 

 ever, its value in the wonderful workings of 



CROSS SECTION OF AN EARTHWORM 



Intestine 

 First heart 

 Second heart 

 Lateral blood vessel 

 Ventral blood vessel 

 Body wall 



1. Mouth 



2. Pharynx 



3. Beginning of 



oesophagus 



4. End of oesophagus 



5. Crop 



6. Gizzard 



nature? The burrows it makes in the soil 

 where it lives admit air and rain to the earth 

 and make it more mellow, and those same bur- 

 rows make convenient paths for the little roots 

 of valuable plants. 



Darwin says, "The plough is one of the most 

 ancient and most valuable of man's inventions ; 

 but long before he existed the land was in 

 fact regularly ploughed, and still continues to 

 be thus ploughed, by earthworms." They re- 

 duce irregularities, and eventually bury stones 

 and other objects; and by depositing little 

 heaps of digested food on the surface of the 

 earth add about one-fiftieth of an inch annually 

 to the soil. 



