EKATERINA 



1974 



ELAND 



of it arc obvious; the person who works more 

 than eight hours becomes more or less ex- 

 hausted, physically and mentally, turns out 

 poor work, and eventually loses his health. 

 The only serious objection to the eight-hour 

 day is advanced by some employers who main- 

 tain that it reduces profits to the vanishing 

 point. While this may be true in rare cases, 

 it has been scientifically determined that the 

 average workman, under good working condi- 

 tions, will turn out week after week as large 

 a product in eight hours daily as he will in 

 nine or even ten hours. 



In a few industries nine-, ten- and twelve- 

 hour days are still the rule, but nearly all 

 skilled laborers now work only eight hours. In 

 the building trades, in coal-mining and in the 

 printing trades, for example, the labor unions 

 have been able to bring sufficient pressure on 

 their employers to obtain the eight-hour day. 

 The movement has also received great support 

 from the Socialists, who have generally adopted 

 the eight-hour day as one of their principles. 

 In the United States and Canada nearly all 

 work for the national or local governments is 

 now done on an eight-hour basis; a law passed 

 by Congress in 1912 provides an eight-hour day 

 on all contracts for work for the Federal gov- 

 ernment. In Arizona, Colorado, Montana and 

 other mining states, eight hours is the limit 

 for work underground, and in some states for 

 all work in or about mines. 

 ' In 1916 the Congress of the United States 

 passed the so-called Adamson law, giving to 

 400,000 railway trainmen an eight-hour day. 

 The railroad companies protested against the 

 injustice of the law, as it raised wages over 

 twenty per cent without permitting them to 

 increase their income to meet the added out- 

 lay. The case was pending in the Supreme 

 Court in the early months of 1917. 



In England the eight-hour day has become 

 the rule rather than the exception in all skilled 

 trades, chiefly through the power of the unions. 

 In France and Germany considerable progress 

 has been made, but the leader in the move- 

 ment is Australia, where some of the labor 

 organizations in Melbourne as early as 1856 

 secured an eight-hour day. W.F.Z. 



EKATERINA, yehkatyere'na, Petrograd's 

 new commercial port in Russian Lapland, sit- 

 uated on a far northern coast at a point where 

 the warm Gulf Stream mingles with the waters 

 of the Arctic Ocean. The town lies 700 miles 

 north of Petrograd and sixty-six miles east 

 of the Norwegian boundary. It is 600 miles 



nearer the Atlantic than is the ancient port of 

 Archangel, on the White Sea, and owing to the 

 influence of the Gulf Stream, its harbor is ice- 

 free throughout the year. When the War of 

 the Nations broke out trade channels through 

 the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic were closed, and 



THE ICE-FREE PORT 



Russia was forced to depend solely on Arch- 

 angel to obtain supplies and munitions of war 

 from its allies. The harbor of Archangel is 

 ice-bound at least six months of the year, and 

 it is served only by an inadequate, single-track, 

 narrow-gauge railroad. 



Ekaterina lies in a region of fir trees, barren 

 rocks and lonely swamps, and for half of the 

 year is shrouded in winter darkness, but over 

 the 700 miles of unbroken country between it 

 and Petrograd the Russians constructed a 

 double-track railroad, which was partly open 

 for traffic in 1916. The new port will entirely 

 supersede Archangel as a trade outlet, for the 

 latter is to be used hereafter only for military 

 purposes. 



E'LAND, the Dutch name for the largest 

 antelope found in Africa. It is fully six feet 

 in height, as large as a full-grown horse, and 

 weighs 1,000 pounds or more. It was called 

 elk by the early settlers in South Africa. The 

 flesh is decidedly palatable, and the hide is used 

 for harness. The slow movements and gentle 

 manner of the animals make their capture an 

 easy matter, and in consequence they are 



