ENDICOTT 



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ENEMY 



served as the foundation of the chief encyclo- 

 pedic work published in England the three- 

 volume Encyclopedia Britannica. In its later 

 editions, to the ninth, emphasis was laid rather 

 on long treatises on important subjects than 

 on brief discussions on the thousands of minor 

 topics found in most encyclopedias; but in the 

 eleventh and latest edition, in twenty-nine vol- 

 umes, the two plans are combined, so that the 

 Britannica in its present form more nearly re- 

 sembles other encyclopedias. Other works in 

 English which are worthy of note are the New 

 International Encyclopedia, in over twenty vol- 

 umes, and the Americana, in sixteen volumes. 

 The chief German encyclopedias are Brock- 

 haus's Konversations-Lexikon and Meyer's 

 Neues Konversations-Lexikon; while among 

 the chief French works of this kind are the 

 Encyclopedic des gens du monde, the Diction- 

 naire de la conversation et de la lecture and 

 La grande encyclopedic. 



The earlier encyclopedias were chiefly de- 

 signed for specialists in the various fields, and 

 made no attempt to avoid technical terms and 

 abstruse language. Within the last few decades, 

 however, there has been an increasing tendency 

 to simplify such works so that the general 

 reader may profit by them. Encyclopedias 

 have also been issued which have been intended 

 primarily for children and young people, and 

 which lay stress on all such topics as will help 

 them in their school work. One such work, 

 the New Practical Reference Library, which 

 appeared in 1907, had a greater sale than any 

 other work of reference ever issued. Probably 

 no other publication, excepting the Bible, has 

 sold so many copies. The WORLD BOOK is the 

 first which has made its aim the accurate and 

 scholarly discussion of all topics which belong 

 to the province of a thorough work of univer- 

 sal reference in language which children can 

 understand. 



ENDICOTT, JOHN (15887-1665), a fearless 

 and courageous leader of the little Puritan 

 company of sixty persons which settled at 

 Salem, Mass., in 1628, and the man respon- 

 sible for the establishment of a colonial mint 

 in 1652. His fiery religious zeal led him to 

 leave the home of his birth in Dorchester, 

 England, and join the Puritans in their search 

 for a new home in America. He was governor 

 of his colony for several terms and was a stern 

 ruler. At one time he shipped two of his coun- 

 cil back to England for wishing to use the 

 Episcopal prayer book in the public worship, 

 while in 1635 he slashed the red cross out of 



the English flag because it seemed to him an 

 emblem of the Pope. 



ENDIVE, en'div, a slightly bitter plant, 

 somewhat like chicory, which is used as a salad, 

 especially when lettuce is out of season. The 

 curled, or narrow-leaved, variety, is most pop- 

 ular, but the broad, straight-leaved endive is 

 also widely used in Europe and America. If 

 grown like lettuce on good garden soil, the 

 only additional care necessary to prepare it 

 for the market is blanching (see ETIOLATION). 

 This is done by lightly tying the' outer leaves 

 together. It must not be done, however, when 

 the leaves are damp, for then they will decay. 



An illustration appears in a color plate shown 

 with the article VEGETABLES. 



ENDYMION, en dim' ion, in Greek mythol- 

 ogy, a beautiful youth who had asked Zeus 

 (Jupiter) for eternal slumber, and whom, while 

 he was sleeping on Mount Latmos, Diana saw 

 and kissed. The legends regarding him vary 

 greatly, describing him as a king, a hunter 

 and a shepherd. A statue of the sleeping 

 Endymion was found at Hadrian's Villa at 

 Tivoli, and is now in the National Museum 

 at Stockholm, Sweden. The myth was the in- 

 spiration of Keats' Endymion. 



ENEMY, en'emi, a term applied to any 

 state or country at war with another, or to 

 any member of such country's naval or mili- 

 tary forces. A private citizen of a hostile na- 

 tion, according to international law, is not an 

 enemy, and must not be treated as such. How- 

 ever, should that citizen attack, hinder or in 

 any way interfere with hostile troops, he may 

 at once be regarded as an enemy and so 

 treated. All commercial and political relations 

 between enemy states cease on the day a state 

 of war is declared. The treatment to be ac- 

 corded to combatants of an enemy state is 

 clearly defined by international law and cus- 

 tom. The position of non-combatants is not 

 so definite. Previous to the War of the Na- 

 tions it was customary to allow citizens of a 

 hostile state residing in another state to con- 

 tinue their peaceful occupations on the prin- 

 ciple that only the armed forces were at en- 

 mity. During that unparalleled conflict, how- 

 ever, usual precedents were ignored. Germans 

 and Austnans in British or French possessions 

 were made prisoners that they might not be 

 tempted to act as spies or to return home to 

 swell the ranks of the soldiery. Belgian non- 

 combatants were deported by the Germans and 

 in Germany were forced to work for their ene- 

 mies. See WAR; INTERNATIONAL LAW. 



