ENID 



2059 



ENVELOPE 



ENID, e'nid, OKLA., the county seat of Gar- 

 field County, and a market and trade center 

 for the productive agricultural country in the 

 north-central part of the state. It is fifty-five 

 miles northwest of Guthrie, ninety miles north- 

 west of Oklahoma City, the state capital, and 

 ninety-seven miles south of Wichita, Kan. 

 The city is on the Chicago, Rock Island & 

 Pacific, the Saint Louis & San Francisco and 

 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads. 

 The population in 1910 was 13,799; in 1916 it 

 was 20,307. 



Enid is in a rich wheat country, and usually 

 is the market for a crop of 5,000,000 bushels 

 from Garfield County. Next in importance to 

 wheat-raising is the poultry business. The 

 value of poultry and eggs handled each year 

 by five wholesale houses in Enid exceeds 

 $3,000,000. The alfalfa fields of the county 

 yield four or five cuttings a year, providing 

 forage for great numbers of horses, mules, hogs 

 and cattle. Creameries and machine shops, 

 boiler works, tile works and manufactories of 

 corn seeders and binders and steel posts are 

 the important industrial enterprises. Natural 

 gas was discovered in the vicinity in 1907. 



The prominent buildings are a Federal build- 

 ing costing $125,000, completed in 1912; the 

 courthouse, erected at a cost of $100,000; a 

 Carnegie Library, an opera house and a $200,- 

 000 high school building. Enid contains the 

 Phillips Christian University, Saint Francis 

 Institute (Roman Catholic), a college of fine 

 arts and a business college, and it is the seat of 

 the state institute for the feeble-minded. 



Enid was founded and chartered as a city 

 in 1893. The commission form of government 

 was adopted in 1909. Water for both drinking 

 and irrigating is obtained between forty and 

 fifty feet under ground. W.H.S. 



ENSIGN, en' sine, a name applied to a na- 

 tional flag. It is also the title of officers of 

 the lowest commissioned rank in the United 

 States navy, after graduation from the Naval 

 Academy. Until 1862, when the title was 

 adopted, midshipmen were graduated into the 

 navy as passed midshipmen. In the United 

 States navy the pay of an ensign is $1,700 

 yearly, with an increase of ten per cent after 

 five years' service; the corresponding rank in 

 the army is that of second lieutenant. In the 

 British and United States armies ensigns were 

 formerly entrusted with the colors, or ensigns, 

 of the regiment. So devoted were they to the 

 traditions embodied in the flag that death was 

 preferable to loss of the ensign they guarded. 



Ensign was the title of the lowest rank of 

 commissioned officers in the British army un- 

 til 1871, when it was succeeded by that of sec- 

 ond lieutenant. 



ENSILAGE, en'silaje, the name given to 

 the green crops stored in a silo. See SILO AND 

 SILAGE. 



ENTOMOLOGY, entohmol'oji, the branch 

 of zoology that treats of insects. The various 

 species of insects greatly exceed in number all 

 other animals taken together, so it is natural 

 that their study requires a special division of 

 zoology, under a distinctive name. The 

 science of insects began with Aristotle, who 

 included in a class the true insects, the arach- 

 nids and the myriapods. These are distin- 

 guished from other classes of insects by the 

 fact that the three divisions of the body the 

 head, thorax and abdomen are always dis- 

 tinct from one another. With the publication 

 of Darwin's Origin oj Species a fresh interest 

 developed in entomology, and in fact in all 

 branches of zoology, as it was discovered that 

 insects form a convenient group for the expo- 

 sition of certain problems of animal evolu- 

 tion. See ARACHNIDA; MYRIAPODA. L.O.H. 



ENVELOPE, en' ve lope, a covering, usually 

 of paper, with gummed edges for sealing, in 

 which a communication may be safely sent 

 through the mail. Many improvements have 

 been made in the machinery employed for 

 making envelopes, until the output of some 

 machines, which are of American invention, is 

 55,000 a day. With the increased number 

 made, the cost of production has lessened until 

 envelopes may now be purchased, in large 

 quantities, with return address printed, at a 

 cost of about fifty or sixty cents per thousand. 

 Previous to the invention of these machines, 

 which now make envelopes in a continuous 

 operation, only about 3,000 could be made in 

 a day, as they were cut out by chisels and 

 folded and pasted by hand. 



Until 1840, before the invention of envelopes, 

 all letters wjsre folded so that a blank portion 

 of the paper was left for the address, and they 

 were then sealed by means of sealing wax. 

 Envelopes are in various sizes, but in propor- 

 tionate widths and lengths in all standard 

 sizes. For identification the sizes are numbered 

 from 5 to 10. A number 5 envelope is five 

 inches long and three inches wide ; a number 

 6 is six inches long and three and one-eighth 

 inches wide. The usual commercial envelope 

 is called number 6% ; it is nearly seven inches 

 in length. 



