ETHIOPIA 



2081 



ETIOLATION 



less closely related to the general subject of 



ethics : 



Baby Judgment 



Child Personal liberty 



Child Study Psychology 



Education Reason 



Feeling Sociology 



Free Will Theology 



Habit Will 



ETHIOPIA, cthio'pia, in ancient times a 

 vaguely defined country south of Egypt, includ- 

 ing present-day Nubia and perhaps Abyssinia 

 and Kordofan. The name itself, derived from 

 two Greek words meaning sunburnt /aces, is 



EGYPT 



1st Cataract 



.ibyan 2n dCataractyT .Nj 

 rv,,.* (NubiaVea-57 



SrdCataractL^ ^^ 



^?X>* 



e% 



Kordofan) V 



Abyssinia 



ANCIENT ETHIOPIA 



Its northern boundary is believed to have been 

 close to the dotted line In the map, south of the 

 first cataract 



evidently an allusion to the dark skins of the 

 natives. Whether the Egyptians civilized the 

 Ethiopians or whether they themselves owed 

 their ancient culture to. the Ethiopians has 

 long been a subject of dispute, but excavations 

 now in progress will probably answer all such 

 questions. The two countries were closely con- 

 nected, geographically, socially and commer- 

 cially. About 1600 B.C. Ethiopia became an 

 Egyptian province, but eight centuries later the 

 condition was reversed, and Ethiopian kings 

 ruled Egypt until about 660 B. c. In 524 Cam- 

 byses, king of Persia, invaded the country and 

 captured Napata, the capital. Later the seat 

 of the kingdom was at Meroe, farther south. 

 Northern Ethiopia was part of the Roman 

 Empire, but Meroe maintained its independ- 

 ence until the rise of the Christian state of 

 Nubia, in the sixth century A.D. See ABYS- 

 SINIA. 



ETHNOGRAPHY, ethnog'rafi, the science 

 that describes the various races, tribes and na- 

 tions of -men. Ethnography is a branch of 

 anthropology, which treats of mankind as a 

 whole, its origin and its development, in lan- 



guage, art, religion and political ideas, from 

 barbarism to civilization. Ethnography deals 

 chiefly with the assembling of facts regarding 

 the families, tribes and races of mankind, and 

 seeks to explain the significance of the infor- 

 mation secured. The ancients were interested 

 to some extent in the study of foreign races, 

 but not until the discovery of America did the 

 civilized peoples make systematic efforts to 

 study other races. The great governments 

 of the world have now established bureaus for 

 the purpose of investigating their own primi- 

 tive races and the different peoples that come 

 under their rule, and also the tribes and clans 

 of other nations. See ANTHROPOLOGY; ETH- 

 NOLOGY. 



ETHNOLOGY, clhnol'oji, the branch of 

 anthropology which seeks out the conditions 

 which produce the customs, laws and habits 

 of nations, the influence they exert on the 

 destiny of commonwealths and the principles 

 of life which they illustrate. Ethnology ex- 

 plains the social life, physical conditions and 

 stage of culture of the various tribes of men, 

 with the aim of defining, by a comparison of 

 such facts, the universal laws of progress of 

 the human species. It explains how language, 

 the arts, food supply, laws and religion exercise 

 their influence on men and on nations. Eth- 

 nology and ethnography occupy a relation to 

 each other somewhat like that of geology and 

 geography; ethnography deals with existing 

 facts, while ethnology attempts to investigate 

 the factors which produced them. Thus, the 

 Bureau of American Ethnology at Washington 

 studies the past of the American Indian. See 

 ETHNOGRAPHY ; ANTHROPOLOGY. 



ETIOLATION, etiola'shun. Certain vege- 

 tables, such as celery, asparagus, cauliflower, 

 endive and chicory, are more tender and de- 

 sirable for the table when whitened than when 

 bearing their natural green. By banking dirt 

 about the stalks of celery, or by pulling the 

 leaves of cauliflowers over the heads, market 

 gardeners shut the sunlight from vegetables 

 and so prevent the formation of the green 

 coloring matter called chlorophyll. As a re- 

 sult the cell walls do not grow as thick as 

 usual. 



This blanching of vegetables is but one form 

 of etiolation (which is the French word for 

 blanching). Etiolation should be carefully pre- 

 vented in the growing of grains. If grains are 

 sown too thickly the bases of the stems will 

 be shaded so much that blanching will natur- 

 ally result, and the cells there will not be 



