EUGENIE-MARIE DE MONTIJO 



2091 



EUREKA SPRINGS 



Related Subject*. The reader interested in 

 eugenics will find further material of interest in 

 the following articles in these volumes: 



Baby 



Breeding 



Child 



Environment 

 Galton, Francis 

 Heredity 



EUGENIE-MARIE DE MONTIJO, uhzha 

 nee' mahrcc' de man tee' ho (1826- ), 

 widow of Napoleon III, was born at Granada, 

 Spain, and is of Spanish and Scotch extrac- 

 tion. In 1853, as wife of Napoleon III and 

 empress of the French, she inaugurated in 

 Paris a reign of frivolity and extravagance. 

 Clever and fascinating, her influence over the 

 emperor contributed to his downfall and was 

 responsible for many of his political mistakes. 

 Among these were the unfortunate Mexican 

 expedition of Maximilian, which resulted in 

 his death, the failure of the plans for the free- 

 dom of Italy, and, as a supreme catastrophe, 

 the disastrous war with Prussia (see FRANCO- 

 GERMAN WAR). Then followed the fall of the 

 Empire, the flight of the empress from Paris, 

 the death of Napoleon, and, as the crowning 

 tragedy of Eugenie's life, the loss of her son, 

 the Prince Imperial, who was slain in the Zulu 

 War in 1879. Since 1870 Eugenie has resided 

 mainly in England. See NAPOLEON III. 



EULENSPIEGEL, oi'lenshpe'g'l, TILL, a 

 German wit, supposed to have lived in the 

 first half of the fourteenth century, about 

 whose name center numerous stories of wild, 

 whimsical frolics and clownish pranks. These 

 are all of an extremely coarse and brutal na- 

 ture. An account of his antics was written 

 in 1483 in Low Saxon and printed in High 

 German thirty-six years later. This has been 

 translated into Czech, Polish, Danish, French, 

 Latin and English, the latter version appear- 

 ing under the title Howie-Glass. The merry 

 pranks of Till Eulenspiegel are the theme of 

 a well-known orchestral symphony by Richard 

 Strauss. 



EUPHRATES, the largest river of Western 

 Asia, conspicuous in the world's history for 

 over twenty-five centuries. In early times it 

 was important as a boundary. It was the east- 

 ern border of the Jewish kingdom; it sep- 

 arated Assyria from the Khita, or Hittites; it 

 divided the eastern from the western satrapies 

 of Persia, and at several periods was the boun- 

 dary of the Roman Empire. Arabic geogra- 

 phers as late as A. D. 1200 mention a large 

 number of important cities on its shores and 

 islands. The middle Euphrates to-day flows 

 past a mass of ruins. From an early period, 



antedating 3000 B. c., it was the highway of 

 commerce between East and West, and numer- 

 ous empires have left their records on its 

 shores. 



The length of the river, from its source at 

 Diadin to the sea, is about 1,800 miles. The 

 area of its basin is 260,000 square miles, or 

 about as great as that of the state of Texas. 

 Its course is mainly southeasterly through 

 the great alluvial plains of Babylonia and Chal- 

 dea; it flows into the Persian Gulf by several 

 mouths, of which only one in Persian territory 

 is navigable. It is joined by the Tigris about 

 100 miles from its mouth, when the united 

 streams take the name of Shat-el-Arab. In 

 the Old Testament the Euphrates is called the 

 Great River. For map, see ASIA. 



EUREKA, ure'ka, CAL., the county seat of 

 Humboldt County, on Humboldt Bay, on the 

 northwest coast of the state, 225 miles north- 

 west of San Francisco. An excellent natural 

 harbor has been improved by the Federal 

 government, and steamers sail regularly be- 

 tween this and other Pacific coast ports. Eu- 

 reka is now connected with San Francisco by 

 the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. In 1910 

 the population was 11,845; in 1916 it was esti- 

 mated to be 14,684. The city is in the famous 

 redwood region. It has a large trade in red- 

 wood lumber, shingles, apples, wool, butter 

 and fish. The industries include wood-working 

 mills, a woolen mill, an iron foundry, a tan- 

 nery, tobacco factories and marble and granite 

 works. 



Settled in 1850, Eureka was incorporated and 

 made the county seat in 1856. The more 

 prominent buildings are a Federal building, 

 courthouse, city hall, county jail and hospital. 

 Near the city is Sequoia Park, a redwood for- 

 est forty acres in extent. 



EUREKA SPRINGS, ARK., a city in the 

 extreme northwestern part of the state near 

 the Missouri border, famous for its group of 

 fifty medicinal springs and for its healthful 

 climate. It is one of the county seats of Car- 

 roll County (the other is Berryville) and had 

 a residential population of 3,228 in 1910. This 

 number is greatly increased throughout the 

 year, however, by transients in pursuit of 

 health and pleasure, for aside from its bene- 

 ficial waters, the place is attractive for its 

 delightful location 1,800 feet above sea level, 

 in the midst of some of the most picturesque 

 scenery of the Ozark Mountains. Joplin, Mo., 

 is seventy-two miles northwest, and Spring- 

 field, Mo., is eighty-five miles northeast. The 



