EUROPE 



2099 



EUROPE 



Europe and brought about the dissolution of 

 the old Holy Roman Empire; the establish- 

 ment of Greek independence; the disappear- 

 ance of Poland as a separate state; the divi- 

 sion of Holland and Belgium into two states; 

 the unification of Italy, brought about largely 

 through the genius of Cavour; the work of 

 Bismarck and the Franco-German War, which 

 resulted in the consolidation of the German 

 states into an empire, and the establishment of 

 the third republic in France; the war of 1897 

 between Turkey and Greece; the Spanish- 

 American War, which left Spain almost with- 

 out colonies ; the South- African War, by which 

 the interests of England in South Africa were 

 greatly advanced; the Russo-Japanese War, 

 which brought to a close the domination of 

 Russia in Manchuria and elsewhere in the Far 

 East, and showed the nations of Europe that 

 Japan was a power to be reckoned with; the 

 insurrection of the Young Turks and the depo- 

 sition of Abdul-Hamid; the annexation of 

 Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria, and the 

 Balkan Wars, by which Turkey lost practi- 

 cally all of its territory in Europe. 



It seemed, at the opening of the second dec- 

 ade of the twentieth century, as if peace among 

 the great powers were secure. Several of them, 

 notably Germany, France, Russia and Great 

 Britain, were constantly adding to their armies 

 and navies, but it was contended that that 

 fact lessened rather than increased the chance 

 of war. But in the summer of 1914 there 

 broke out a conflict which dwarfed all others 

 the world has ever seen. This is rightly called 

 the War of the Nations, for more than twenty 

 nations became directly involved in it. Not- 

 withstanding the end of the conflict has come, it 

 will be impossible for years to predict all of the 

 readjustment in human society it will make; it 

 may be generations before Europe recovers from 

 its effects and many years before other conti- 

 nents will return to normal conditions. Agri- 

 culture, industry, commerce, art and literature 

 all suffered ; while in every country involved the 

 very strongest and ablest citizenship fell. Over 

 7,975,000 men were killed or fell mortally 

 wounded on the field of battle and probably 

 three times that number will bear the marks of 

 wounds for the rest of their lives. This most 

 terrible of all conflicts is described in the WAR 

 OF THE NATIONS. W.E.L. 



Consult, for history, Freeman's Historical 

 Geography of Europe; Ogg's The Governments 

 of Europe. For physical features, Mill's Inter- 

 national Geography; Suess's The Face of the 



Earth. For books on various parts of Europe, 

 see articles dealing with the several countries. 



Related Subjects. The articles in these vol- 

 umes relating to Europe are very numerous, and 

 not all of them can be given here. The articles 

 on cities and towns, on products, and on history, 

 for instance, will be found listed in the indexes 

 accompanying the articles on the various political 

 divisions. The more general topics are here listed 

 and classified : 



COAST WATERS 



Adriatic Sea 



Aegean Sea 



Arctic Lands and Seas 



Atlantic Ocean 



Azov, Sea of 



Baltic Sea 



Biscay, Bay of 



Black Sea 



Bosporus 



Bothnia, Gulf of 



Caspian Sea 

 Cattegat 

 Dardanelles 

 English Channel 

 Gibraltar, Strait of 

 Marmora, Sea of 

 Mediterranean Sea 

 North Sea 

 Skagerrak 

 White Sea 



Avernus 

 Constance, Lake 

 Geneva, Lake 

 Ladoga, Lake 

 Lucerne, Lake of 



LAKES 



Lugano, Lake 

 Maggiore, Lake 

 Neuchatel, Lake of 

 Onega, Lake 

 Zurich, Lake 



POLITICAL DIVISIONS 



Albania 



Alsace-Lorraine 



Andorra 



Austria 



Austria-Hungary 



Belgium 



Bulgaria 



Denmark 



England 



Finland 



Flanders 



France 



Germany 



Great Britain 



Greece 



Hungary 



Ireland 



Italy 



Lapland 



Liechtenstein 



Lithuania 



Luxemburg 



Monaco 



Montenegro 



Netherlands, The 



Norway 



Poland 



Portugal 



Prussia 



Rumania 



Rumelia 



Russia 



San Marino 



Scandinavia 



