EXILE 



2113 



EXPANSION 



ancient Norman castle of Rougemont are still 

 seen on the hill of Northernhay, which has 

 been made into a public park. Parts of the 

 ancient wall of Athelstan still stand, and the 

 Guild Hall, in High . Street, is a picturesque 

 building erected in the days of Elizabeth. 

 Long before the Roman invasion Exeter was 

 an important town and it has had a part in 

 all the internal struggles of England. Under 

 the Romans it was known as Isca Damnonio- 

 rum. Population in 1911, 48,660. 



EXILE, ek'sile, is banishment from one's 

 native country by order of the state, for a 

 number of years or for life; or voluntary resi- 

 dence of a person in some foreign country with 

 a determination never to return to his native 

 land. If a man is in exile for a crime com- 

 mitted at home, he may be forced to return 

 for punishment; for the law governing his 

 enforced return, see EXTRADITION. Banishment 

 was a more common mode of punishment 

 among the ancient than among modern nations. 

 Great Britain formerly transported convicts 

 to colonies in Australia and Tasmania, and 

 Russia continues to send political exiles to 

 Siberia, but this form of punishment is being 

 gradually abandoned by civilized nations. To- 

 day the most enlightened nations do not exile 

 for any offense, but punish offenders by im- 

 prisonment. The use of a part of French 

 Guiana as a penal colony cannot be termed a 

 species of exile, for those sent there are guarded 

 as prisoners. 



EX'ODUS, the second book of the Bible, 

 in which the departure of the Israelites from 

 Egypt in search of the Promised Land is fully 

 described. Although the story of this period 

 in Jewish history, in which Moses led his peo- 

 ple away from the land of bondage, is very 

 interesting, most of this portion of the Scrip- 

 ture is filled with laws, covenants of God, 

 ordinances of rites and ceremonies and speci- 

 fications for the Tabernacle. Thus the consti- 

 tutional history of Israel was made during the 

 discipline of the thirty-eight years' wandering 

 in the wilderness. The life of the Israelites in 

 Egypt takes up the first twelve chapters in the 

 book; their journey from Egypt to Mount 

 Sinai fills the next six chapters, while the last 

 twenty-two describe the events at Mount Sinai. 

 In the books of Leviticus and Numbers the 

 same narrative is continued, so some modern 

 scholars group these three books together as 

 one, calling it the Exodus, which means "a 

 going out," or exit. It was from Mount Sinai, 

 the great center during the law-giving period of 

 133 



Israel's history, that the law of the Ten Com- 

 mandments was received (Exodus XX). 



EXOTIC, exot'ik, a word from the Greek, 

 meaning foreign, or from the outside. It is 

 especially applied to plants which belong to a 

 soil and climate different from that of the 

 country to which they have been brought, and 

 which must receive special care to be kept 

 alive. Many of the plants in the warmest 

 rooms of park conservatories are exotics, hav- 

 ing been brought from tropical lands. Trying 

 to raise such plants under any conditions other 

 than those to which they have been accus- 

 tomed would mean their death. Therefore, the 

 word also signifies something rare or delicate, 

 and is used in that sense in literature, referring 

 to things other than plants. 



EXPAN'SION, in physics, is the increase in 

 the volume of a body resulting from an in- 

 crease of temperature. The addition of heat 

 increases the motion of the molecules, which 

 are driven farther apart and so cause the body 

 to become larger (see MOLECULE). Nearly all 

 solids expand when heated and contract when 

 cooled, a notable exception being rubber, which 

 contracts when heated. The amount of ex- 

 pansion varies with the nature of the sub- 

 stance. The expansion of aluminum is twice 

 that of iron at the same temperature, and that 

 of brass is one and one-half times that of iron. 

 Gases expand when heated and contract when 

 cooled, the rate of expansion being practically 

 the same for all gases, and greater than it is 

 for liquids and solids. 



Liquids expand when heated and contract 

 when cooled to a certain temperature, after 

 which any further lowering of the temperature 

 causes expansion. In general the denser fluids 

 expand less than the lighter ones. Water 

 ceases to contract in cooling when it reaches 

 a temperature of about 39 F. On cooling 

 further it expands until the freezing point, 32 

 F., is passed. Below the freezing point, its 

 expansion is about one-eleventh of its volume ; 

 this accounts for the bursting of pipes and 

 other containers when water freezes in them. 



The action of the thermometer (which see) 

 is based upon the principles of expansion, and 

 many industrial applications are made of the 

 expansion of solids and gases. For example, 

 carriage-makers put iron tires on their wheels 

 while hot; these contract on cooling and so 

 clasp the wheels more firmly. Railway-build- 

 ers leave small spaces between the ends of the 

 rails to allow for their expansion in summer. 

 See HEAT. 



