EXTRACTS 



2117 



EYE 



EXTRACTS, eks' Irakis, the name of sub- 

 stances obtained in many different ways from 

 plants, vegetables, meats, flowers, etc. The 

 best method for extracting the delicate per- 

 fumes from flowers is that of cold enfleurage, 

 by which the flowers are placed upon pure, 

 cold lard held upon glass plates in wooden 

 frames. Every day fresh flowers are placed 

 upon the lard, until it becomes saturated with 

 their perfume. Then the lard is dissolved with 

 cold alcohol, which in turn is evaporated, leav- 

 ing simply the extract from the flowers. The 

 essence of violets thus extracted is worth over 

 $1,350 a pound. Other less expensive methods 

 of extraction by steam, through petroleum- 

 ether or melted lard are used extensively. 

 Lemon, vanilla, and almond extracts, which 

 are juices reduced to a proper consistency by 

 evaporation, are used a great deal in cooking. 

 Beef tea is the juice extracted from beef, 

 with much of the water evaporated. Many 

 extracts, containing alcohol as a solvent, such 

 as those from digitalis, aloes, chamomile and 

 licorice, are used extensively in medicine. 

 Each of these is described in these volumes. 



EXTRADITION, eks tra dish 1 ' un, from the 

 Latin ex, meaning from, and traditio, meaning 

 handing over, is the delivery of an alleged 

 criminal by one nation to another, wherein 

 the crime was committed. The process by 

 which a criminal or fugitive from justice is 

 returned from one state or province to another, 

 in the same country, is called requisition. Be- 

 tween nations the matter is one of interna- 

 tional law, and is decided by treaties. Nations 

 decline generally to extradite political of- 

 fenders and refuse to surrender citizens of their 

 own country for foreign countries to prosecute 

 on such charges. A man may be extradited 

 from the United States only for a crime which 

 is a felony (which see). 



American Requisitions. Criminals are extra- 

 dited, or, more properly, requisitioned, from 

 one state of the Union to another, by executive 

 action. An affidavit is first made before a 

 magistrate charging the person with the crime. 

 The governor of the state is then petitioned 

 to request the governor of the state to which 

 the accused has fled to deliver the prisoner for 

 return and trial. The person suspected is held 

 until the arrival of the proper authority to take 

 him back. The state making the demand for 

 the return of the criminal pays all costs con- 

 nected with the arrest and surrender. A gov- 

 ernor may, in his discretion, refuse to honor a 

 requisition from another governor. 



EYCK, ike, VAN, a Flemish family which in 

 the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries gave 

 three great painters to the world. These were 

 Hubert van Eyck (1366-1426), Jan van Eyck 

 (1390-1441), and their sister Margaret ( ? - 

 1431). For transparent and brilliant coloring 

 and minute finish, the works of the two 

 brothers have never been surpassed. They 

 were the first to perfect the mode of mixing 

 colors with oil or some medium in which oil 

 is the chief ingredient; and by their method 

 of painting with wet upon wet color they 

 changed the entire traditional habits of the 

 earlier schools of painting. The varnish they 

 used prevented the paint from cracking and 

 enabled them to perfect the full rich color still 

 to be found in their works. 



They were probably born at Alden Eyck, or 

 Maas Eyck, on the Maas (Meuse). They first 

 lived at Bruges, and the younger brother is 

 sometimes called JOHN OF BRUGES. Later they 

 moved to Ghent. At the time of Hubert's 

 death he was engaged upon their masterpiece, 

 the gilded altar-piece, having as its subject 

 The Adoration of the Lamb, part of which is 

 now in the Church of Saint Bavon in Ghent. 

 This is the only work which can with cer- 

 tainty be assigned to Hubert; it was not 

 finished at his death, but was completed by his 

 brother in 1432. The two central of the 

 twenty-four divisions of this picture are all that 

 now remain in the church at Ghent, the wings 

 being in the galleries of Berlin and Brussels; in 

 its entirety it represented one of the world's 

 art treasures. 



In the National Gallery, London, hang 

 three portraits by Jan van Eyck; and in the 

 Louvre, Paris, is his exquisitely finished picture 

 of Chancellor Rollin Kneeling before the Vir- 

 gin. Jan van Eyck also introduced improve- 

 ments in linear and aerial perspective and in 

 painting upon glass. 



Margaret van Eyck is credited with some 

 notable canvases, among which is a Virgin and 

 Child in the National Gallery, London. 



EYE, the organ of sight, is in many ways 

 the most wonderful servant of the brain. One 

 marvels at the great number of impressions 

 the sense of sight alone may awaken. In 

 reading a description of a battle, for example, 

 one may hear the cannons roar, feel the pain 

 of the wounded, and experience, to a certain 

 degree, the thrills and emotions of the dread- 

 ful conflict. In the same sense the musician 

 in scanning a sheet of music almost hears 

 the written melody; while a person observing 



