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faints while standing always falls to the ground. 

 Fainting is caused by the temporary checking 

 of the action of the heart, as a result of which 

 too little blood is sent to the brain. This 

 failure of the heart to act may be due to a 

 variety of causes exhaustion, loss of blood, 

 pain, fright, excessive grief, shock, etc. It is 

 sometimes a result of organic heart trouble, 

 and it may occur with other diseases. 



In all cases of fainting the patient should 

 be placed on his back, with the head and chest 

 lower than the rest of the body, so the blood 

 may flow more easily to the brain. The cloth- 

 ing should be loosened to permit freedom of 

 breathing and of circulation. Cold water may 

 be thrown on the face to stimulate the nerves 

 which hasten the action of the heart, but in 

 case of a protracted faint it is often necessary 

 to administer stimulants hypodermically. Such 

 cases require a physician. W.A.E. 



FAIR, jare. It is so easy nowadays to visit 

 the grocery store or telephone to the grocer, 

 that we forget that our ancestors perhaps our 

 very fathers and grandfathers had to purchase 

 months' or even a year's supply of provisions 

 at one time. Until the railroad and the steam- 

 boat began to serve the world it was impos- 

 sible to distribute the products of all the 

 industries as they are distributed to-day, in a 

 continuous flow from producer to consumer. 

 Thus it was that back in the days of the 

 Roman Empire men began to hold fairs, peri- 

 odical gatherings of merchants to which the 

 people could come to collect supplies. As time 

 went on the importance of fairs increased and 

 during the Middle Ages thousands of them 

 were chartered. Often such charters were 

 granted to churches or to monasteries, and 

 the fairs were held on religious festivals. 



Fairs to-day are of many sorts. In America 

 the most common is the agricultural fair, dis- 

 cussed in the article EXPOSITIONS, INDUSTRIAL. 

 Church fairs, or bazaars, are obviously sur- 

 vivals of the medieval fair, and so, too, is the 

 kermis (the word means church mass) of Hol- 

 land and Brittany. In Europe there are a' 

 number of great fairs which still maintain their 

 medieval character. The annual gathering at 

 Nizhni Novgorod in Russia draws merchants 

 and purchasers from all Europe and Western 

 Asia. 



FAIR 'BANKS, the second city of Alaska. 

 It is the seat of the Fourth Judicial District, 

 which comprises all the interior of the terri- 

 tory, and is situated just half way between 

 the north and south coasts. It is on the 



Tanana River, a branch of the Yukon, and 

 during the five open months of summer has 

 steamboat connection with Saint Michaels, 

 near the mouth of the Yukon, and with Daw- 

 son and other points on the Upper Yukon. In 

 the past the approach by land has been by 

 stage from Valdez, on the south coast, but 

 Fairbanks, as shown by the special map in 

 the article ALASKA, is now on the route of the 

 new government railroad, 471 miles north of 

 Seward. An older railroad runs from Fair- 

 banks forty-five miles into the gold fields, and 

 it is probable that the government will some 

 day extend its system to the Yukon. In spite 

 of its isolation and its small population (3,541 

 in 1916), Fairbanks has electric lights, tele- 

 phones and the telegraph, a central steam- 

 heating plant and other modern conveniences. 



FAIRBANKS, CHARLES WARREN (1852-1918), 

 an American lawyer, former Senator, and for 

 one four-year term Vice-President of the 

 United States. He was born near Unionville 

 Center, Ohio, of which state his father was one 

 of the pioneers. 

 The son received 

 his early educa- 

 tion in the com- 

 mon schools, and 

 was graduated 

 from Ohio Wes- 

 leyan University 

 in 1872. He was 

 admitted to the 

 bar in 1874 and 

 removed to In- 

 dianapolis the 

 same year. In 

 1896 he was dele- 

 gate-at-large to the Republican national con- 

 vention in Saint Louis, and was appointed a 

 member of the United States and Brit- 

 ish Joint High Commission which met in 1898 

 in Quebec to adjust the Canadian questions 

 relating to the Alaska seal fisheries. 



Fairbanks was elected to the United States 

 Senate in 1897 and was reflected at the expira- 

 tion of his term. In 1904 he was elected Vice- 

 President of the United States on the ticket 

 with Theodore Roosevelt; at the close of his 

 official term of office he made a tour of the 

 world. In 1916 he received the complimentary 

 vote of his state in the Republican national 

 convention for the office of President of the 

 United States, and was nominated for the Vice- 

 Presidency on the ticket which was headed by 

 Charles Evans Hughes. 



CHARLES W. FAIRBANKS 



