FATHOM 



2142 



FAULT 



Roman state from the conspiracy of Catiline, and 

 the title was also borne by Julius Caesar and the 

 Emperor Augustus. 



Father of History. Herodotus, the first Greek 

 historian. 



Father of Medicine. Hippocrates, a Greek 

 physician, the most celebrated of ancient times. 



Father of the Faithful. Abraham, the ances- 

 tor of the Hebrew race. 



Father of Lies. A title of scorn that is applied 

 to Satan, the evil spirit who is said ever to be 

 working to lure mortals into lives of sin. 



Father is sometimes used in a figurative 

 sense, as in the expression Father of Waters, 

 applied to the Mississippi, the river of numer- 

 ous tributaries. 



Each man named above is described in detail 

 in alphabetical order in these volumes. 



FATHOM, a measure of length or depth 

 equal to six feet. It is used only by those 

 who "go down to the sea in ships," and only 

 to measure the length of ropes or cables and 

 the depth of water. Sailors of average height 

 often measure rope by extending both arms 

 at full length, from finger tip to finger tip 

 being reckoned as a fathom. 



FATIGUE, jateeg', weariness from long- 

 continued labor, either mental or physical. 

 Fatigue invariably follows a long period of 

 effort. It diminishes one's ability to perform 

 a given act. In general one works more rap- 

 idly and with a greater degree of accuracy 

 in the early part of the day than late in the 

 afternoon, especially if he has been engaged 

 in the same occupation all day. A careful 

 study of the work of school children shows 

 that they are unable to accomplish as much 

 in the afternoon as in the forenoon session. 

 Fatigue may be in one organ or one part of 

 the body, or it may be general. A man driv- 

 ing nails will soon say that his arm is "tired," 

 if such work is new to him. Another who has 

 been engaged at hard labor through the day 

 may say that he is "tired all over." Long 

 continued use of the eye tires the centers of 

 vision; a given sound becomes less acute after 

 one has listened to it for a long time. 



Causes of Fatigue. Muscular fatigue is 

 caused by the accumulation of poisonous sub- 

 stances (toxins) which are thrown off by the 

 muscle in action. This material is waste or 

 worn-out matter which is thrown off by mus- 

 cular action faster than it can be carried out 

 of the system through the circulation. A pe- 

 riod of rest restores the muscles to their nor- 

 mal condition. Another cause of fatigue is 

 lack of sufficient supply of nutriment by the 

 blood. One whose blood is deficient in nutri- 



ment becomes fatigued much quicker than one 

 whose blood is in a normal condition. 



The causes of mental fatigue are not as 

 well understood, but so far as conclusions have 

 been formed they are similar to those con- 

 nected with muscular fatigue. In general, we 

 know that mental effort can be sustained much 

 longer than can muscular effort. We also 

 know that the pursuit of a subject in which 

 one is interested causes less fatigue than one 

 in which the person is not interested. Fear, 

 anger and worry are especially exhausting, and 

 should be avoided. For this reason parents 

 and teachers should study to keep the chil- 

 dren under their care in a happy frame of mind. 



Evil Effects. Fatigue following work is not 

 injurious, since a period of rest restores the 

 system to its normal condition. However, 

 when one becomes so fatigued that the ordi- 

 nary period of rest does not restore the sys- 

 tem, one is in a condition which needs atten- 

 tion, for fatigue is nature's warning that rest 

 is needed. Concerning this an eminent au- 

 thority says: "Sensations of fatigue and pain 

 are friendly voices of warning. They are the 

 body's conscience. We should heed their mes- 

 sage and not silence their prayer by stimu- 

 lants, narcotics and pain-killers." 



A little fatigue is easily overcome, if proper 

 rest is supplied immediately. Twice the 

 amount of fatigue requires more than twice 

 the amount of rest. Unless this rest is secured 

 disastrous results are likely to follow. It is 

 the tired engineer who runs past the signal; 

 the tired motorman who has a collision; the 

 tired operative who is injured by his machine, 

 and the tired and overwrought parent or 

 teacher who unjustly punishes the child. 



Realizing the loss from fatigue, large firms 

 make careful study of methods for saving their 

 employees all unnecessary movements, and for 

 providing adequate rest periods. Educators 

 so plan the daily program of the school that 

 subjects requiring the greatest effort are placed 

 in the early part of the day, and that the pupils 

 are given frequent rest periods. 



Fatigue is lessened by good health, a peace- 

 ful mind, simple living, interesting work and 

 regular habits. W.F.R. 



FAULT, jawlt. Since the rocks of the 

 earth's crust were formed many of them have 

 been bent, folded and broken. In mountain- 

 ous regions there are frequent fractures in 

 layers of rock, where the layer on one side of 

 the fracture is above or below the same layer 

 on the other side. Such a change of position 



