FEDERALIST 



2 MS 



FEDERATED MALAY STATES 



inauguration. On April 30, 1789, six days 

 after Washington's triumphal arrival in New 

 York, that ceremony took place from its bal- 

 cony, the oath of office being administered by 

 Robert R. Livingston, chancellor of the state 

 of New York. The sub-treasury building, 

 which now stands on its site, was erected in 

 1836. 



FED'ERALIST, THE. When the new Con- 

 stitution of the United States was presented 

 to the states for ratification, there was bitter 

 opposition to it from various sources, for its 

 design was not understood by a large number 

 of people. In order to meet all objections 

 that were made, and to make its meaning and 

 purpose clear to everyone, Alexander Hamil- 

 ton, James Madison and John Jay wrote a 

 series of essays covering all points in con- 

 troversy; these were eventually published in 

 book form under the title The Federalist. 

 There were eighty-five of these essays, all but 

 eight of which were published in the Inde- 

 pendent Journal, a semi-weekly newspaper of 

 New York, between October 27, 1787, and April 

 2, 1788, under the signature "Publius." Ham- 

 ilton wrote more than fifty of the essays, Mad- 

 ison about one-third, and Jay the remainder. 



The importance of The Federalist is aptly 

 summarized in the words of the historian 

 Fiske, who said: "The Federalist did more 

 than anything else at the time save the influ- 

 ence of Washington alone to secure the adop- 

 tion of the new Constitution, and it still occu- 

 pies the highest place as an exposition of the 

 principles of our Federal government." 



FEDERALIST PARTY, a political organiza- 

 tion in 1787 and the years immediately fol- 

 lowing, which advocated the adoption of the 

 Constitution by the thirteen states of the new 

 American Union. There was much opposition 

 to the Constitution in the form in which it 

 came from the Convention; the Federal party 

 name was in harmony with the object of the 

 organization the success of the campaign in 

 behalf of the Constitution; the Federalists fa- 

 vored the strong central government the Con- 

 stitution provided, while the opposing forces, 

 appropriately called the Anti-Federalist party, 

 believed in a loose national confederation, and 

 advocated the supremacy of the states. The 

 Federalists won, and until 1800 they controlled 

 the new nation, under Presidents Washington 

 and Adams. In that year they suffered de- 

 feat, for the original Anti-Fe'deralists, then 

 called Democratic-Republicans, elected Thomas 

 Jefferson to the Presidency. The Federalists 



had changed their name to National Repub- 

 licans, but grew weaker year by year, and the 

 organization practically disappeared, to be re- 

 vived later in the Whig and Republican par- 

 ties. See POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED 

 STATES. 



FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD AND 

 BANKS. See BANKS AND BANKING. 



FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, an in- 

 vestigating and administrative body, created by 

 Act of the Congress of the United States in 

 1914, for the purpose of supervising the activ- 

 ities of persons and corporations engaged in 

 interstate trade. There are five members of 

 the commission, appointed by the President 

 with the consent of the Senate, for seven-year 

 terms, at an annual salary of $10,000 each. 

 Not more than three of the members may be 

 of one political party. 



In a general way the functions of the Trade 

 Commission with respect to interstate trade 

 correspond to those of the Interstate Com- 

 merce Commission (see INTERSTATE COMMERCE 

 ACT) with respect to common carriers. The 

 law creating the Trade Commission declared 

 that unfair methods of competition are un- 

 lawful, but it left to the Commission the right 

 to say what methods are unfair. Whenever 

 it is convinced that cases of unfair competi- 

 tion exist, it may order the persons or firms 

 involved to submit the facts to a hearing, or 

 it may order a hearing at the request of the 

 President, of either house of Congress, or of 

 the Attorney-General. The Commission has 

 complete power to investigate all interstate 

 corporations except banks and common car- 

 riers; it may demand access to all books and 

 records, may compel witnesses to testify and 

 may require annual or special reports. Any 

 orders issued by the Commission may be en- 

 forced through the United States Circuit Court 

 of Appeals, which also has exclusive jurisdic- 

 tion in appeals involving points of law. On 

 points of fact 'the Commission's decision is 

 final, unless it can be proved to be contrary 

 to the evidence presented. 



FED'ERATED MA 'LAY STATES. The 

 southern third of the Malay Peninsula, at the 

 southeast corner of Asia, is occupied by a 

 group of four Mohammedan states which are 

 under the protection of Great Britain. The 

 governor of the adjoining Straits Settlements 

 is High Commissioner of the federation, and 

 each of the four governments Perak, Selangor, 

 Negri Sembilan and Pahang has a native sul- 

 tan, but is really governed by a state council 



