FORD 



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FORESTERS OF AMERICA 



gates, and the folly of the cry, "We'll get the 

 boys out of the trenches by Christmas" were 

 ridiculed by the American press, and the "peace 

 party" broke up after a few weeks. From the 

 beginning the United States government had 

 disavowed any connection with the Ford party, 

 and the European nations at war gave it no 

 official recognition. 



In the Presidential campaign of 1916 Ford 

 was mentioned as a possible candidate on the 

 Republican ticket. He received the endorse- 

 ment of the voters at the primaries in Mich- 

 igan and Nebraska, but this endorsement was 

 generally regarded as evidence of a desire to 

 keep the United States at peace with the world 

 rather than of a demand for Ford for President. 



Though bitterly opposed to war, after the 

 United States entered the conflict Ford volun- 

 tarily turned his vast enterprise over to the gov- 

 ernment for the manufacture of war material. 



FORD, PAUL LEICESTER (1865-1902), Amer- 

 ican historical writer and novelist, was born 

 in Brooklyn, N Y. His novels include The 

 Honorable Peter Stirling, which deals with a 

 young attorney's struggle for recognition, and 

 is generally supposed to be based on the life 

 of Grover Cleveland, and Janice Meredith, a 

 novel of the American Revolutionary period. 

 Among his historical writings are The True 

 George Washington, The Many-Sided Franklin, 

 and The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. In a 

 dispute over financial matters Mr. Ford, who 

 had been a cripple all his life, was shot and 

 killed by his brother Malcom, who then com- 

 mitted suicide. 



FOREORDIN ATION , fore or di na ' shun. Cer- 

 tain Protestant sects have always believed that 

 every event in the history of man is a direct 

 result of the purposes of God in other words, 

 that every event is foreordained by Him. To 

 deny Him such a part in human affairs, they 

 declare, is to limit His knowledge and power. 

 Calvin based much of his theology on the 

 doctrine of foreordination, and the churches 

 which followed his teachings for centuries laid 

 great stress upon it. The result in many in- 

 stances was a very gloomy form of Christianity, 

 for the original doctrine was distorted until it 

 declared that God ordained certain people to 

 be lost, just as He ordained certain others to 

 be saved. Such interpretations of the doctrine 

 went far beyond the intention of the theo- 

 logians, who based their views of foreordination 

 on the goodness of God, and believed that He 

 "foreordained" to be lost only those whom He 

 could by no means win to righteousness. In 



recent years less emphasis has been laid on 

 foreordination. 



FORESHORT'ENING, in drawing and paint- 

 ing, is the art of representing objects on a 

 plane surface as they appear to the eye, de- 

 pending upon an accurate knowledge of form, 

 perspective, and the treatment of light and 

 shade. The figures thus represented convey 

 the impression of the entire length of any 

 object, although only a part of this length 

 actually is shown. An object viewed in an 

 oblique direction is foreshortened. In drawing 

 an object in such a position, less space would 

 be covered than if the object stood straight in 

 front of and on a level with the observer. 



Foreshortening is one of the most difficult 

 studies in the art of painting. Michelangelo, 

 Rubens and Correggio were distinguished for 

 their skill in foreshortening; each practiced 

 modeling as an aid in attaining this art. See 

 INDUSTRIAL ART. 



FOR 'ESTERS, ANCIENT ORDER OF, a frater- 

 nal organization founded in Yorkshire, Eng- 

 land, in 1745, and introduced into America in 

 1832 by the establishment of a court in Phila- 

 delphia. In 1917 there were in the United 

 States three high courts and 441 subordinate 

 courts, with a membership of nearly 50,000. 

 Its entire membership is about 1,600,000. 

 Funds are raised by fixed dues, and annual 

 disbursements in benefits to families of mem- 

 bers amount to over $5,000,000. There is a 

 flourishing Canadian branch. 



FORESTERS, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF, a fra- 

 ternal and benevolent society, with branches 

 in Canada, Great Britain, Norway, France, 

 India and Australia. It was founded in New- 

 ark, N. J., in 1874, and reorganized in 1881. 

 There were in the United States in 1917 fifty- 

 five high courts and 4,150 subordinate courts, 

 with a membership of 218,074. The total 

 disbursements of the order since its organiza- 

 tion amount to over $45,000,000, with annual 

 benefits to families of members of about 

 $3,900,000. 



FORESTERS OF AMERICA, a benevolent 

 and fraternal association which was originally 

 part of the Ancient Order of Foresters. It 

 was founded in England in 1745, and intro- 

 duced in the United States in 1832. In 1839 

 tHe American order became a separate and dis- 

 tinct organization entirely within the United 

 States. In 1917 it had eighteen grand courts 

 and 1,550 sub-courts, with a membership of 

 over 205,000. Since its organization over 

 $44,000,000 has been disbursed in benefits. 



