FRAUD 



2320 



FREDERICK 



school organizations, like those of the colleges, 

 are Greek letter societies; secret initiation rites 

 are practiced, and secret rules adopted. Be- 

 cause of the immaturity of the students, edu- 

 cators as a rule strongly object to such socie- 

 ties, claiming that they foster the clique spirit 

 and are harmful to the development of a 

 feeling of school loyalty. In many cities, the 

 school boards expressly forbid the organization 

 of high school fraternities, and in some states 

 they are prohibited by law. L.M.B. 



FRAUD, in law, comprises all false repre- 

 sentations or deceitful practices which have 

 for their object defrauding or gaining unfair 

 advantage of another. Fraud is arbitrarily 

 punished according to the laws of the state 

 or province wherein the act is committed, but 

 no action can be maintained unless damages 

 can be proved. 



Fraud is said to be actual or constructive. 

 Positive or actual fraud includes cases of in- 

 tentional misrepresentation used to accomplish 

 a purpose which is illegal. Legal or construc- 

 tive fraud includes such acts or -contracts as 

 have a tendency to deceive or mislead others. 

 Any contract or instrument in writing may be 

 declared void if induced through fraud, and 

 if both parties act fraudulently neither can 

 take legal advantage of the other's acts. The 

 Statute of Frauds, enacted in England in 1673, 

 has been recognized of such importance that 

 every state in the American Union and the 

 provinces of Canada have practically reenacted 

 it and made some of its provisions even more 

 stringent. 



FRECHETTE, fray shet' , Louis HONORE 

 (1839-1908), a French-Canadian journalist and 

 poet, generally acknowledged as the greatest 

 poet of his race. Though his first volume of 

 poems appeared in 1863, when he was only 

 twenty-four years 

 old, he was for 

 many years bet- 

 ter known as a 

 journalist than as 

 a poet. In fact, 

 it was not until 

 he had reached 

 middle life that 

 he gave up active 

 newspaper work 

 and devoted him- 

 self to literature. 



Frechette was LOUIS H. FRECHETTE 

 born at Levis, Quebec, attended Quebec Semi- 

 nary and Laval University, and in 1864 was 



called to the bar. As the law, however, was 

 not particularly attractive to him, he founded 

 the Journal de Levis, a newspaper in which 

 he expressed such revolutionary views on pub- 

 lic affairs that Canada no longer seemed a 

 safe place for him. From 1866 to 1871 he did 

 newspaper work in Chicago. Then, returning 

 to Canada, he practiced law until 1879, when 

 he again became the editor of a newspaper. 

 He served in the Dominion House of Com- 

 mons from 1874 to 1878, but was defeated for 

 reelection, and was again defeated in 1882, 

 thereafter taking no active part in politics. 

 At one time he was strongly in favor of the 

 political union of Canada and the United 

 States, but later in life became less enthusi- 

 astic over the plan. 



Frechette's poetry is strongly lyrical, and 

 shows the inspiration of natural beauties, of 

 friendship and family ties. Through all of it, 

 moreover, runs a strong patriotic strain, a sym- 

 pathy for the race which regards him as its 

 representative poet. Among his many volumes 

 of verse may be mentioned Veronica, a drama; 

 M es Loisirs, his first book ; La Voix d' un 

 Exile, a satire written in 1867 and directed 

 against the Canadian government; and Les 

 Oiseaux de Neige, which received the laurel 

 crown of the French Academy. He also wrote 

 two historical dramas, Papineau and Felix 

 Poutre, and a number of essays and prose 

 sketches, and he translated into French Wil- 

 liam D. Howells' Chance Acquaintance and 

 George W. Cable's Creole Days. G.H.L. 



FRED'ERICK, the name borne by three 

 Prussian kings, the third of whom also ruled 

 as emperor of Germany. 



Frederick I (1657-1713) was the first sovereign 

 to wear the crown of Prussia, and though his 

 reign was uneventful, the creation of the new 

 royal title was an important landmark in the 

 history of Germany and of Europe. He was 

 the son of Frederick William, the Great 

 Elector of Brandenburg, and succeeded his 

 father as elector in 1688. He realized his 

 great ambition, to rule as king of Prussia, by 

 giving aid to the Emperor Leopold I in the 

 War of the Spanish Succession, and was 

 crowned in 1701. Frederick was the friend 

 and patron of learned men, and the founder 

 of the University of Halle. 



Frederick II (1712-1786) is known in history 

 as FREDERICK THE GREAT, and his name is asso- 

 ciated with the most important events of his 

 time. He was the son of Frederick William I 

 of Prussia and Princess Sophia of Hanover, 



